There's also one more way using a query string, as follows:
<?php
if ( isset($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'])  && $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] != null ) {
    $qs = htmlentities($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']);
    list(,$ans) = explode("=",$qs);
    if ($ans) {
      echo "Your answer is $ans. ";
    }
    exit("Thank you");
}
?>
You could put the PHP code at the top of a web page, followed by HTML which contains the following JavaScript:
<script>
var ans = false;
if( ans = confirm("Are you sure?")) {
    this.location += "?answer=" + ans;
}
else
{
   document.write("Action cancelled since you seem unsure");
}   
</script>
While Ajax is certainly elegant, dynamically generating a query string containing the variable is a viable option as well.  If desired, you could POST the query string to another page without hard-coding a form by taking advantage of stream_context_create(), as follows:
<?php
error_reporting(E_ALL);
if ( isset($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']) && ($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] != NULL)) 
{
  $url = 'http://www.example.com/some_page.php';
  $qs = htmlentities($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']);
  list($key,$value) = explode("=",$qs);
  $arr = array($key => $value);
  $options = array(
    'http'=>array(
      'method'=>"POST",
      'header'=>
        "Accept-language: en\r\n".
        "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n",
      'content'=>http_build_query( $arr )
  ));
  $context = stream_context_create($options);
  $fp=fopen($url,'rb',false,$context);
  fpassthru($fp);
  fclose($fp);
  exit;
}
?>
At the desired url, you would just need to add a script that displays the content, such as:
<?php
var_dump($_POST['answer']);