.rename_table is an instance method, not a class method, so calling Class.method isn't going to work. Instead you'll have to create an instance of the class, and call the method on the instance, like this: Class.new.method.
[EDIT]
In this instance, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements isn't even a class (as pointed out by cam), which means that you can't even create an instance of it as per what I said above. And even if you used cam's example of class Foo; include ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements; def bar; rename_table; end; end;, it still wouldn't work as rename_table raises an exception.
On the other hand, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter is a class, and it is likely this class you'd have to use to rename your table (or SQLite or PostgreSQL, depending on what database you're using). Now, as it happens, ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::MysqlAdapter is already accessible through Model.connection, so you should be completely able to do Model.connection.rename_table, using any model in your application.
[/EDIT]
However, if you wish to permanently rename a table, I would suggest using a migration to do it. It's easy and the preferred way of manipulating your database structure with Rails. Here's how to do it:
# Commandline
rails generate migration rename_my_table
# In db/migrate/[timestamp]_rename_my_table.rb:
class RenameMyTable < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def self.up
    rename_table :my_table, :my_new_table
  end
  def self.down
    rename_table :my_new_table, :my_table
  end
end
Then, you can run your migration with rake db:migrate (which calls the self.up method), and use rake db:rollback (which calls self.down) to undo the migration.