Lets look at official manual for  php docker image Section PHP Core Extensions
For example, if you want to have a PHP-FPM image with iconv, mcrypt
  and gd extensions, you can inherit the base image that you like, and
  write your own Dockerfile like this:
FROM php:7.0-fpm
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
        libfreetype6-dev \
        libjpeg62-turbo-dev \
        libmcrypt-dev \
        libpng-dev \
    && docker-php-ext-install -j$(nproc) iconv mcrypt \
    && docker-php-ext-configure gd --with-freetype-dir=/usr/include/ --with-jpeg-dir=/usr/include/ \
    && docker-php-ext-install -j$(nproc) gd
Rember, you must install dependencies for your extensions manually. If
  an extension needs custom configure arguments, you can use the
  docker-php-ext-configure script like this example. There is no need to
  run docker-php-source manually in this case, since that is handled by
  the configure and install scripts.