Even though the meaning of this colour conversion code doesn't appear to be documented, there's no need to despair -- OpenCV is an open source library, so let's consult the source code.
case COLOR_BGR2Lab: case COLOR_RGB2Lab: case COLOR_LBGR2Lab: case COLOR_LRGB2Lab:
case COLOR_BGR2Luv: case COLOR_RGB2Luv: case COLOR_LBGR2Luv: case COLOR_LRGB2Luv:
    // ....
    bool srgb = code == COLOR_BGR2Lab || code == COLOR_RGB2Lab
        || code == COLOR_RGB2Luv || code == COLOR_BGR2Luv;
    // ....
        if (srgb && usRGBGammaTab.empty())
            Mat(1, 256, CV_16UC1, sRGBGammaTab_b).copyTo(usRGBGammaTab);
        else if (ulinearGammaTab.empty())
            Mat(1, 256, CV_16UC1, linearGammaTab_b).copyTo(ulinearGammaTab);
    // ....
This suggests that the prefix L is meant to distinguish between non-linear (sRGB) and linear RGB colour spaces. More details about what this means can be found in this answer.