Is C# a single dispatch or multiple dispatch language?

Question

I'm trying to understand what single and multiple dispatch are, exactly.

I just read this:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_dispatch

And from that definition is seems to me that C# and VB.Net are multiple-dispatch, even though the choice of which overload to call is made at compile-time.

Am I correct here, or am I missing something? Thanks!

Answer 1

OK, I understood the subtle difference where function overloading is different from multiple-dispatch.

Basically, the difference is whether which method to call is chosen at run-time or compile-time. Now, I know everybody's said this, but without a clear example this sounds VERY obvious, given that C# is statically typed and multiple-dispatch languages (apparently to me, at least) seem to be dynamically typed. Up to now, with just that definition multiple-dispatch and function overloading sounded exactly the same to me.

The case where this makes a real difference is when you

• have two overloads of a method that differ on the type of a parameter (CaptureSpaceShip(IRebelAllianceShip ship) and CaptureSpaceShip(Xwing ship)
• the two types (IRebelAllianceShip and CaptureSpaceShip) are polymorphic, and
• you call the method with a reference declared as the higher type, which actually points to an object of the lower type

Full Example:

int CaptureSpaceShip(IRebelAllianceShip ship) {}
int CaptureSpaceShip(XWing ship) {}

void Main() { 
  IRebelAllianceShip theShip = new XWing();
  CaptureSpaceShip(theShip);
}

XWing obviously implements IRebelAllianceShip. In this case, the first method will be called, whereas if C# implemented multiple-dispatch, the second method would be called.

Sorry about the doc rehash... This seems to me the clearest way to explain this difference, rather than just reading the definitions for each dispatch method.

For a more formal explanation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_dispatch#Double_dispatch_is_more_than_function_overloading

Answer 2

For those that find this article using a search engine, C# 4.0 introduces the dynamic keyword. The code would look like the following.

int CaptureSpaceShip(IRebelAllianceShip ship) {}
int CaptureSpaceShip(XWing ship) {}

void Main() {   
    IRebelAllianceShip theShip = new XWing();  
    CaptureSpaceShip((dynamic)theShip);
}

Answer 3

C# is single dispatch but there are some blog posts which by their title looks like they are trying to emulate multimethods. If I can get one of the articles to load I will update my answer here.

Answer 4

Maybe somebody will be interested in good C# example for multiple dispatch using dynamic keyword (MSDN blog)

class Animal 
{ 
}

class Cat : Animal 
{ 
}

class Dog : Animal 
{ 
}

class Mouse : Animal 
{ 
}

We can create several overloads of the same method, specialized according to different combinations of their parameter types:

void ReactSpecialization(Animal me, Animal other) 
{ 
    Console.WriteLine("{0} is not interested in {1}.", me, other); 
}

void ReactSpecialization(Cat me, Dog other) 
{ 
    Console.WriteLine("Cat runs away from dog."); 
}

void ReactSpecialization(Cat me, Mouse other) 
{ 
    Console.WriteLine("Cat chases mouse."); 
}

void ReactSpecialization(Dog me, Cat other) 
{ 
    Console.WriteLine("Dog chases cat."); 
}

And now the magic part:

void React(Animal me, Animal other) 
{ 
    ReactSpecialization(me as dynamic, other as dynamic); 
}

This works because of the "as dynamic" cast, which tells the C# compiler, rather than just calling ReactSpecialization(Animal, Animal), to dynamically examine the type of each parameter and make a runtime choice about which method overload to invoke.

To prove it really works:

void Test() 
{ 
    Animal cat = new Cat(); 
    Animal dog = new Dog(); 
    Animal mouse = new Mouse();

    React(cat, dog); 
    React(cat, mouse); 
    React(dog, cat); 
    React(dog, mouse); 
}

Output:

Cat runs away from dog.
Cat chases mouse.
Dog chases cat.
Dog is not interested in Mouse.

Wikipedia says that C# 4.0 (dynamic) is "multiple dispatch" language.
I also think that languages such as Java, C# (prior to 4.0), C++ are single dispatch.

Answer 5

C# does not support multiple dispatch. The Visitor Design pattern emulates something that could be described as multiple dispatch, even though the Visitor pattern's mainly focus on separate the algorithm from an hierarchy.

Answer 6

According to the cited Wikipedia article, multiple dispatch, by definition, is based on the runtime types of the objects involved, so C# and VB.net don't use it, because the decision is made, as you state, at compile-time.

Answer 7

I understand that this is an old question..

In .Net 4.0 you can use dynamic keyword for multi methods... Take a look at the following for an example .Net 4.0 Optimized code for refactoring existing "if" conditions and "is" operator

Answer 8

The GoF Visitor Pattern is an example of how to do double dispatch. Scott Meyers "More Effective C++" shows you how to do it in C++. Here's a link from Dr Dobbs that talks about how to do double dispatch in both Java and C++.