To efficiently analyse spatial data with Python, I use the rtree spatial index library, relying on the libspatialindex C library.
I am able to successfully install rtree in the Google Colaboratory notebook using !pip install rtree.
As expected, this is not sufficient, as libspatialindex needs to be installed first, as confirmed by import rtree resulting in:
OSError: Could not find libspatialindex_c library file
I am unsure whether and how to install external libraries in the Google Collaboratory. Following https://github.com/libspatialindex/libspatialindex/wiki/1.-Getting-Started I managed to run !curl -L http://download.osgeo.org/libspatialindex/spatialindex-src-1.8.5.tar.gz | tar xz but I do not have permissions for configure:
!spatialindex-src-1.8.5/configure
/bin/sh: 1: spatialindex-src-1.8.5/configure: Permission denied