Note that the content you add using :after and content isn't a node - it isn't either an element nor text in your document. You can see this with FireBug: in this screenshot, my HTML contains the word "hello" but the word "world!" is added using CSS:

What you can do is use getComputedStyle to find out what the content is, like the following example:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" >
    <head>
        <title>Select :after pseudo class/element</title>
        <style type="text/css">
        #msg:after {
            content:" World!"
        }
        </style>
        <script type="text/javascript">
        window.onload = function() {
            if(window.getComputedStyle) {
                var element = document.getElementById("msg");
                var style = window.getComputedStyle(element,':after')
                alert(style.content);
            }
            else {
                alert("This browser sucks!"); // ;)
            }
        }
        </script>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>
            <span id="msg">Hello</span>
        </h1>
    </body>
</html>
... unfortunately, this gives you access to the content but not to the height :(