You can let Blaze solve your problem by listening to the "click, touchstart" (=tap) event (I am not sure if cordova automatically converts click to tap but I think you will get the point) and force a redraw based on a reactive variable:
First rewrite your ul to not use any bootstrap based events but Blaze helpers:
<ul class="nav nav-tabs justify-content-center" id="myTab">
    <li class="nav-item">
        <a class="nav-link week-tab-link {{#if active 'currentWeek'}}active{{/if}}"
           id="home-tab"
           data-state="currentWeek"
           href="#currentWeekTab"
           aria-controls="home" aria-selected="{{active 'currentWeek'}}">
            1
        </a>
    </li>
    <li class="nav-item">
        <a class="nav-link week-tab-link {{#if active 'nextWeek'}}active{{/if}}"
           id="profile-tab"
           data-state="nextWeek"
           href="#nextWeekTab"
           aria-controls="profile" aria-selected="{{active 'nextWeek'}}">
            2
        </a>
    </li>
</ul>
{{#if active 'currentWeek'}}
    <p>render current week</p>
{{/if}}
{{#if active 'nextWeek'}}
    <p>render next week</p>
{{/if}}
As you can see the template relies on some state to determine a) which tab is active and b) which content to render.
To resolve this active state a helper is required:
Template.myTemplate.helpers({
  active (tabName) {
    return Template.instance().state.get('active') === tabName
  }
})
There also needs to be a default state to be set in order to determine what to render when the page is loaded:
Template.myTemplate.onCreated(function helloOnCreated () {
  const instance = this
  instance.state = new ReactiveDict(0)
  instance.state.set('active', 'currentWeek')
})
In order to save lines of code (=less possible errors) you can create an event map for a common class selector .week-tab-link which triggers an event callback if any of the tab is clicked. In this callback you can "read" the data-state attribute from the tab in order to set the active state:
Template.myTemplate.events({
  'click, touchstart .week-tab-link' (event, templateInstance) {
    // event.preventDefault() // uncomment this to prevent href update
    const $target = templateInstance.$(event.currentTarget)
    const activeState = $target.data('state')
    templateInstance.state.set('active', activeState)
  }
})
Note, that this uses ReactiveDict but you can also implement this using ReactiveVar.
Related:
Touch events in Meteor