Google's documentation says:
By default, the fragment has no border or background. To provide a
  consistent visual appearance, nest the fragment within another layout
  element such as a CardView.
So e.g. to give it a quantum_orange look I did this:
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical">
    <androidx.cardview.widget.CardView xmlns:card_view="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
        android:id="@+id/card_view"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="60dp"
        android:layout_gravity="center"
        card_view:cardBackgroundColor="@color/quantum_orange"
        card_view:cardCornerRadius="4dp">
        <fragment
            android:id="@+id/autocomplete_fragment"
            android:name="com.google.android.libraries.places.widget.AutocompleteSupportFragment"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
    </androidx.cardview.widget.CardView>
</LinearLayout>
Otherwise you can just do this:
autocompleteFragment.getView().setBackgroundResource(R.drawable.my_drawable);
or this:
autocompleteFragment.getView().setBackgroundColor(Color.RED);
Alternatively you may want to look into creating your own fully customizable UI using a custom fragment.
Hope this helps you.