Try either DummyImplicit
case class Indexed2dArr[Dim0Type, Dim1Type] (
  indices: (List[Dim0Type], List[Dim1Type]),
  array: List[List[Float]],
) {
  def getSliceAtIndexLocation(i: Dim0Type): (List[Dim1Type], List[Float]) = ???
  def getSliceAtIndexLocation(i: Dim1Type)(implicit 
    di: DummyImplicit): (List[Dim0Type], List[Float]) = ???
}
or type class pattern
case class Indexed2dArr[Dim0Type, Dim1Type] (
  indices: (List[Dim0Type], List[Dim1Type]),
  array: List[List[Float]],
) {
  def getSliceAtIndexLocation[A](i: A)(implicit tc: TC[A]): tc.Out = tc(i)
  trait TC[A] {
    type B
    type Out = TC.MkOut[B]
    def apply(i: A): Out
  }
  object TC {
    type MkOut[B] = (List[B], List[Float])
    type Aux[A, B0] = TC[A] { type B = B0 }
    def instance[A, B0](f: A => MkOut[B0]): Aux[A, B0] = new TC[A] {
      override type B = B0
      override def apply(i: A): Out = f(i)
    }
  
    implicit val dim0Type: Aux[Dim0Type, Dim1Type] = instance(i => ???)
    implicit val dim1Type: Aux[Dim1Type, Dim0Type] = instance(i => ???)
  }
}
or magnet pattern
import scala.language.implicitConversions
case class Indexed2dArr[Dim0Type, Dim1Type] (
  indices: (List[Dim0Type], List[Dim1Type]),
  array: List[List[Float]],
) {
  def getSliceAtIndexLocation(m: Magnet): m.Out = m()
  trait Magnet {
    type B
    type Out = Magnet.MkOut[B]
    def apply(): Out
  }
  object Magnet {
    type MkOut[B] = (List[B], List[Float])
    type Aux[B0] = Magnet { type B = B0 }
    def instance[B0](x: MkOut[B0]): Aux[B0] = new Magnet {
      override type B = B0
      override def apply(): Out = x
    }
    implicit def dim0Type(i: Dim0Type): Aux[Dim1Type] = instance(???)
    implicit def dim1Type(i: Dim1Type): Aux[Dim0Type] = instance(???)
  }
}