execute is async function, if you want to get this function's response , you need use Promise. You can refer this question's answer:How to "await" for a callback to return?
The code you can refer this answer:How to execute the cosmos db stored procedure in nodejs?
I create a http trigger for test and it can work fine:
import { AzureFunction, Context, HttpRequest } from "@azure/functions"
const httpTrigger: AzureFunction = async function (context: Context, req: HttpRequest): Promise<void> {
    context.log('HTTP trigger function processed a request.');
    const name = (req.query.name || (req.body && req.body.name));
    
    const response = await executeSprocInternal("getData", "success");
    console.log(response);
    const responseMessage = name
        ? "Hello, " + name + ". This HTTP triggered function executed successfully."
        : "This HTTP triggered function executed successfully. Pass a name in the query string or in the request body for a personalized response";
    context.res = {
        // status: 200, /* Defaults to 200 */
        body: responseMessage
    };
    console.log("over")
};
Console:
