There's no direct way that I know of to change the height, but you can use the .scaleEffect modifier. Make sure to specify 1 for the x scale in order to only increase the height.
struct ContentView: View {
    var body: some View {
        ProgressBar()
        .padding([.leading, .trailing], 10)
    }
}
struct ProgressBar: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            ProgressView(value: 50, total: 100)
            .accentColor(Color.green)
            .scaleEffect(x: 1, y: 4, anchor: .center)
        }
    }
}
Result:

A drawback to this is that you can't pass in a Label, because it will also get stretched.
ProgressView("Progress:", value: 50, total: 100)

To work around this, just make your own Text above the ProgressView.
struct ProgressBar: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack(alignment: .leading) {
            Text("Progress:")
            .foregroundColor(Color.blue)
            
            ProgressView(value: 50, total: 100)
            .accentColor(Color.green)
            .scaleEffect(x: 1, y: 4, anchor: .center)
        }
    }
}
