Ok, there is a lot to learn, but an example made everything better to understand:
app.py
from flask import Flask, request, render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index():
    if request.method == 'POST':
        print(request.form.get('longitude'))
    return render_template('index.html')
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()
templates/index.html
<form method="POST" action="">
    <input type="text" name="longitude" />
    <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
<script>
    var longitude = 20;
    var request = new XMLHttpRequest();
    request.open('POST', '/', true);
    request.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
    request.onreadystatechange = function() {
        // do something
    };
    request.send('longitude=' + longitude);
</script>
This simple code will print the longitute value when you click in the button only on console, but also triggers a post request from Javascript that will do the same automatically every time you access the page.