I have the same issue and resolved it by using a ValueListenableBuilder.
The width of Material widget is depends on width of the widget returned by field ViewBuilder (default is a TextFormField), so one solution is get  width of TextFormField after one frame completed and notify your custom optionsViewBuilder
sample code:
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
class AutocompleteText extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  State<StatefulWidget> createState() => AutocompleteTextState();
}
class AutocompleteTextState extends State<AutocompleteText> {
  final ValueNotifier<double?> optionsViewWidthNotifier = ValueNotifier(null);
  static const List<User> _userOptions = <User>[
    User(name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@example.com'),
    User(name: 'Bob', email: 'bob@example.com'),
    User(name: 'Charlie', email: 'charlie123@gmail.com'),
  ];
  static String _displayStringForOption(User option) => option.name;
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
        body: Padding(
      padding: EdgeInsets.all(20),
      child: Autocomplete<User>(
        displayStringForOption: _displayStringForOption,
        optionsBuilder: (TextEditingValue textEditingValue) {
          if (textEditingValue.text == '') {
            return const Iterable<User>.empty();
          }
          return _userOptions.where((User option) {
            return option
                .toString()
                .contains(textEditingValue.text.toLowerCase());
          });
        },
        onSelected: (User selection) {
          print('You just selected ${_displayStringForOption(selection)}');
        },
        fieldViewBuilder: (BuildContext context,
            TextEditingController textEditingController,
            FocusNode focusNode,
            VoidCallback onFieldSubmitted) {
          return OrientationBuilder(builder: (context, orientation) {
            WidgetsBinding.instance!.addPostFrameCallback((timeStamp) {
              optionsViewWidthNotifier.value =
                  (context.findRenderObject() as RenderBox).size.width;
            });
            return TextFormField(
              controller: textEditingController,
              focusNode: focusNode,
              onFieldSubmitted: (String value) {
                onFieldSubmitted();
              },
            );
          });
        },
        optionsViewBuilder: (
          BuildContext context,
          AutocompleteOnSelected<User> onSelected,
          Iterable<User> options,
        ) {
          return ValueListenableBuilder<double?>(
              valueListenable: optionsViewWidthNotifier,
              builder: (context, width, _child) {
                return Align(
                  alignment: Alignment.topLeft,
                  child: Material(
                    elevation: 4.0,
                    child: SizedBox(
                      width: width,
                      height: 200.0,
                      child: ListView.builder(
                        padding: EdgeInsets.zero,
                        itemCount: options.length,
                        itemBuilder: (BuildContext context, int index) {
                          final User option = options.elementAt(index);
                          return InkWell(
                            onTap: () {
                              onSelected(option);
                            },
                            child: Padding(
                              padding: const EdgeInsets.all(16.0),
                              child: Text(_displayStringForOption(option)),
                            ),
                          );
                        },
                      ),
                    ),
                  ),
                );
              });
        },
      ),
    ));
  }
  @override
  void dispose() {
    optionsViewWidthNotifier.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }
}
@immutable
class User {
  const User({
    required this.email,
    required this.name,
  });
  final String email;
  final String name;
  @override
  String toString() {
    return '$name, $email';
  }
  @override
  bool operator ==(Object other) {
    if (other.runtimeType != runtimeType) {
      return false;
    }
    return other is User && other.name == name && other.email == email;
  }
  @override
  int get hashCode => hashValues(email, name);
}