It actually is possible with NTLM authentication. You need the AuthenNTLM-plugin, which will authenticate a user using the Internet Explorer. An example syntax would be
<Location />
    PerlAuthenHandler Apache::AuthenNTLM 
    AuthType ntlm,basic
    AuthName test
    require valid-user
    #                    domain             pdc                bdc
    PerlAddVar ntdomain "name_domain1   name_of_pdc1"
    PerlAddVar ntdomain "other_domain   pdc_for_domain    bdc_for_domain"
    PerlSetVar defaultdomain wingr1
    PerlSetVar ntlmdebug 1
</Location>
## taken from the documentation
Please refer to the module documentation for more options and specific instructions on the setup - the above should get you started in the right direction.
On the client side, Internet Explorer and Firefox should be able to login automatically after some configuration (Firefox needing a bit of special care - which may be achieved by setting the configuration variables during deployment).