As said in the documentation, you can use system fonts (i.e. fonts installed in your system). So specify the font family of your system fonts as value of mainfont and/or monofont yaml key while using xelatex or lualatex as pdf-engine.
Now if you want to get the list of fonts installed in your system, you can use system_fonts() function from {systemfonts} package.
---
title: "Fonts in Quarto"
format: pdf
pdf-engine: xelatex
mainfont: Lato
monofont: Roboto
---
## Fonts
- mainfont: For LaTeX output, the main font
family for use with xelatex or lualatex.
Takes the name of any system font.
- monofont: For LaTeX output, the monospace
font family for use with xelatex or lualatex:
take the name of any system font.
## Fonts available in system
```{r}
# install.packages("systemfonts")
systemfonts::system_fonts()
```
Also note that, if you use fontfamily to set the font-family, you need to use pdflatex as pdf-engine.