I'm going to guess that you're looking for an array like this as your result:
[
    {
        10: ["11/21/2022", "11/25/2022"]
    },
    // ...possibly others here...
]
If so, return a non-array object from your map call rather than an array:
const output = data.map(({ user_id, dates }) => ({[user_id]: dates}));
// −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Example:
const data = [
    {
        user_id: "10",
        dates: ["11/21/2022", "11/25/2022"],
    },
];
const output = data.map(({ user_id, dates }) => ({[user_id]: dates}));
console.log(output);
 
 
Note how that uses computed property name syntax to create the property in the object, [user_id]: dates. That creates a property using the value of user_id as the name.