You're mixing metaphors. CSS is just a presentational technology that you use to determine the style of something. There is no such thing as a "css popup box".
What you want to do is have an HTML element (likely a div) that contains the information you intend to show, initially set to not be visible (you use CSS for this with the display:none; style). What you're describing is essentially an AJAX interaction that uses Javascript to parse the contents of the form, send data to the server to be evaluated, and return a message to be displayed (without triggering a postback/going to a new page). That Javascript would also handle the CSS part of setting the display of the HTML element to true.
This is a fairly common scenario, so you should be able to find snippets online.
...but here's a super dumb example
<html>
<head>
<title>AJAX Test</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="#">
<input type="text" id="enterStuff" />
</form>
<div id="response" style="display:none;">
<p id="message">Put stuff in me</p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
jQuery(document).ready(function(){
registerEventListeners();
});
function registerEventListeners(){
jQuery("#enterStuff").change(getData);
}
function getData(){
jQuery.ajax({
type : 'POST',
data : {
stuff : jQuery("#enterStuff").val(),
},
url : "http://localhost/myprocessor.php",
success : showCool,
complete : updateDisplay
});
}
function showCool(data, textStatus, jqXHR){
var selector = jQuery("#message");
selector.val(data)
}
function updateDisplay() {
jQuery("#response").show();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Then your myProcessor.php would have to read the value of the variable, do some logic, and echo a response.