Rake as of version 0.8 cannot handle this, as mentioned in its documentation (it simply ignores any additional arguments).
However, if you can switch to using Thor, you can get this behavior. To demonstrate, create a Thorfile with this content:
class VariableArguments < Thor
  desc 'multiple [ARGS]', "Task with multiple arguments"
  def multiple(*args)
    p args
  end
end
and then call it like this:
$ thor variable_arguments:multiple one two three four five six
This prints the following:
["one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six"]
(Tested using Thor 0.14.6)