You can retrieve the logged in user's name as :
String user=System.getProperty("user.name"); 
You can retrieve the logged in user detail as described in java-forums.org:
public static void ntSystemDetails() {
    com.sun.security.auth.module.NTSystem NTSystem = new com.sun.security.auth.module.NTSystem();
    System.out.println(NTSystem.getName());
    System.out.println(NTSystem.getDomain());
    System.out.println(NTSystem.getDomainSID());
    System.out.println(NTSystem.getImpersonationToken());
    System.out.println(NTSystem.getPrimaryGroupID());
    System.out.println(NTSystem.getUserSID());
    for (String group : NTSystem.getGroupIDs()) {
        System.out.println("Groups  " + group);
    }
}
If you get an error like this : 
   NTSystem is not accessible due to restriction on required library ...
then , follow the following steps as described in  https://stackoverflow.com/a/2174607/607637
To know about Well-known security identifiers in Windows operating systems, see this page  http://support.microsoft.com/kb/243330
Then 
I hope that you get enough hints.