OSS | play
ALSA | aplay
PulseAudio | paplay
JACK | ?
What tool can I use to test if jackd is properly configured and make it play something?
There are many Jack compatible media players, such as mpv (ffmpeg based) and vlc. See this List of Applications
Try mpv --ao=jack test.wav
As well, the jackd2 package in Ubuntu 14.04 comes with a sample program called jack_simple_client which generates a test-tone output.
Another option is to setup a JACK<-->Pulseaudio bridge such as Cadence, set the Pulseaudio output to "JACK Sink" and then use a Pulseaudio-capable tool such as sox.