Bad news: the hard drive is gone.
Good news: if the platters weren't spinning at the time of accident (unlikely), then they are in all likelihood intact, and so (almost certainly) is the data on them.
The problem is that the shock probably twisted the head cart, and now the internal firmware can't read the platters. As a consequence, it never reports "Drive ready" to the host controller, so your disk is not detected. Probably, the first time it was still somewhat working.
If it now boots only in Ubuntu and does not detect the HD in Windows, it probably means that the heads can no longer "extend" as far as the whole Windows partition. I find it really weird, but who knows. But what I think happened is that the first time it booted, the movement was enough to break it for good. There's probably nothing you could have done differently. It's probably not too broken, but it's almost surely out of a non-professional's "reach".
It follows that no software solution is ever going to help you - it would be like trying to find an app that can make a smartphone work without its battery. Software can help if you can get to the hard disk to "talk", and the problem is "just" that it spouts gibberish.
Sure-fire solution
Go to a disk recovery service where they'll be able to disassemble the disk and put it in a recovery harness to read your data back. It will set you back a considerable amount (where I live it's around 60 USD per gigabyte, but it varies depending on the disk make and model - and the damage. You might also get lucky and get back everything for about two-three times the cost of a new hard disk).
Alternative solutions (spoiler: no good ones. Sorry)
BAD: try giving the hard disk a couple of hard "spins", clockwise and counterclockwise, in case (see below) the heads are actually OK and need to disengage from whatever locking mechanism they've been captured by. On modern hard disks AFAIK there's no such mechanism, so this method will avail you nothing. If the hard disk clicks, instead of "buzzing", this means that the heads are already free to move, it's just that they aren't where they should.
Also, very important: repeated attempts might break something (e.g. dislodge a reading head from the cart) and lead to scratching of the platter surface. Once that happens, data recovery chances plummet, while recovery costs skyrocket.
ALSO BAD: trying to boot the hard disk after cooling it in a sealed plastic bag in a refrigerator, or conversely heating it in a non-microwave oven to no more than 50-60 degrees. There are stories of people swearing it worked. If the hard disk clicks, instead of "buzzing", this means that the heads are already free to move.
VERY BAD: On some disks (Seagate Momentus if memory serves), a kick in the right (well, actually wrong) direction will "lock" the heads in place. Possibly this is a safety measure, don't know. By very carefully opening the disk in the cleanest place you can imagine, and pushing with a toothpick, you may be able to disengage the head - or destroy the hard disk utterly.
EVEN WORSE: having an absolutely identical hard disk, but working, you may be able to replace the platters with all the good data on them and place them in the working hard disk. If you have the hands of a neurosurgeon and a clean operating theater, possibly you stand a 10% chance of having it working. Tolerances with modern equipment are so tight that I wouldn't dream of trying.
Most of the above methods you'll find on a Google search, and the reason why they might have worked for someone, in the past, is that in the old by and by hard disks were much simpler, much more primitive, and proportionally much sturdier. I myself have disassembled and reassembled a Seagate SST-225 drive (10, or was it 20, megabytes? - hey, it was sixty floppy disks' worth of data! I think it was 1988), and it worked.
But if you want a recommendation, I'd hire a professional service.
