Open and admin cmd window and issue the following command:
C:\WINDOWS\system32>sfc /scannow
I received the following results:
Beginning system scan. This process will take some time.
Beginning verification phase of system scan.
Verification 100% complete.
Windows Resource Protection found corrupt files and successfully repaired
them. Details are included in the CBS.Log windir\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. For
example C:\Windows\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. Note that logging is currently not
supported in offline servicing scenarios.
After that, IE launched without issue.
The command was obtained from this post: https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/ie/forum/ie10-windows_8/ie10-wont-open-ieframedll-error-pops-on-startup/9c6a60d8-8769-4d98-9f61-11cc99e750c5
Thanks to @Ramhound for walking me through the debug process where ieframe.dll was listed as one of the faulting modules.