There's no way to achieve this without an adaptor. You have a two-plug headset & a one-plug audio port.
Additionally, anything you plug into that socket will cut out the internal speakers. Some desktop computers can software-bypass this, but on many laptops it's a hardware switch.
Practically, your only way to achieve this would probably be by using a USB headset & avoid that socket altogether.
From ASUS KB - Why the external microphone can not be used after plugged into the Notebook audio combo jack?
There are two kinds of Headphones/microphone connector in the market.
- Three-conductor 3.5 mm separate microphone and Headphone.

- Four-conductor 3.5 mm headphone with microphone.

If you want to use the external headphone function, you can use both
devices.
But if you want to use the external microphone function,
the three-conductor 3.5 mm microphone will not work after plug into
the Notebook audio combo jack(
).
Suggest to use a four-conductor 3.5 mm headphone with
microphone device, the microphone and headphone function can be used
at the same time.