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Can someone clearly explain what's the difference between these terms?

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A program is a kind of master that can run different processes. Processes are typically invoked by a program. The user does not start a process but a program.

A job is just a scheduled program.

Scripts are not equivalent to commands because scripts are built in a script language that contain much more vocabulary than just executing a command. Scripts are typically source code in a script language that is not compiled but interpreted on the fly. One possible thing to do with a script language is to invoke commands.

and are commands equivalent to jobs, or are they rather equivalent to processes ?

This is already explained above.

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