Apparently there's no solution for PWA on Linux at the moment.
The PWA is just doing what the web version is providing,
which doesn't include custom backgrounds.
See the post at:
Upload custom background using web or PWA on Linux.
You could try the
ms-teams-replace-background,
described as:
The goal is to create a background replacer for MS Teams and similar video conferencing tools, since this feature is not usually not available on Linux. This code manipulates the video stream from webcam before it is streamed into video conferencing software, such that participant in the chat can not see the backgound behind the person.
Otherwise, you would need to use a Windows client, on a
virtual machine or perhaps on Wine.
For Windows, according to the the MS Teams post
Custom Background In MS Teams,
the backgrounds folder of Teams is:
%APPDATA%\Microsoft\Teams\Backgrounds\Uploads.
The sub-folders of Backgrounds\Uploads may be missing in
%APPDATA%\Microsoft\Teams and may need to be created.