I mean, with hardware modifications of HDD, for example, by connecting directly to heads to record signal, and then play it back.
2 Answers
With sufficient hardware modifications: Why not.
As an alternative to sufficient modification you could also buy your own device starting from just electronics without ever touching a HDD. It is just how you define sufficient modifications
Consider that modern drive spins at speeds like 5400 or 7200 RPM; that is 90 or 120 rounds per second. So you could only record 1/90 th or 1/120 th second per track. And then you need to stop recording to reposition the head.
So yes, it is possible. But not practical.
This is actually how freeze-frame in live sports broadcasts was first done in the 60s, they had a specialized hard drive that would record the analog video frames to the platter, one frame per rovolution, and they'd change which frame was being played back by moving the heads in/out.
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