I think it has nothing to do with the images, but with the software used to view them - both formats (PNG/BMP) are raster graphics:
In computer graphics, a raster graphics image, or bitmap, is a dot
matrix data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of
pixels, or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other
display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying
formats. ~Wikipedia
Therefore, there will be a loss in quality when zooming in and out. I think that you are not experiencing the same in your Macbook as it may be using some algorithm to prevent this loss in quality to happen, although it should have a limit as well.
When enlarged, individual pixels appear as squares. Zooming in
further, they can be analyzed, with their colors constructed by adding
the values for red, green and blue. ~Wikipedia
Are you sure that those images in your Debian system are the exact same ones as in your Macbook? Maybe you have PNG/BMP in the first one, and SVG in the latter.