"I can type a half-space on Microsoft Word using Ctrl + Minus_Key. But I don't know why it is not working on Microsoft OneNote! How can I type this character on Microsoft OneNote?"
Typing Ctrl + ā (Ctrl and hyphen) inserts an optional hyphen. In this example each word has an optional hyphen after the letter ācā so it only appears when the word needs to be split at the end of a line.
From Office Watch http://new.office-watch.com/2015/of-hyphens-em-dash-en-dash-and-more/
If this is what you're looking to do, at the present time I do not see a solution for this in MS OneNote 2010 or 2013. There is the possibility of an add-on that might be capable of accomplishing this. Another option is to go to the Onetastic website and request a new feature or macro. Omer Atay has done a great job in helping the OneNote community.
If I come across anything I will let you know.
Good luck with your endeavors.