Preseed files contain automatic answers for the Debian installer.
Questions about driving Debian GNU/Linux installations automatically would have this tag. The installer for Debian asks questions about the configuration of the OS as it goes along, and these answers are stored by a system called debconf. There are many ways to interact with debconf, including the text or graphic front-ends used by the installer, a Python API, and a preseed file. The file may appear in the root directory of an initrd, or be found at a URL given as a boot parameter or by DHCP. It contains answers to the installer's questions. It is also possible to use the answers as defaults but still let the user override them.
Here is an extract from a preseed file that does static IP configuration:
# Static network configuration.
d-i netcfg/get_nameservers string 192.168.1.1
d-i netcfg/get_ipaddress string 192.168.1.42
d-i netcfg/get_netmask string 255.255.255.0
d-i netcfg/get_gateway string 192.168.1.1
d-i netcfg/confirm_static boolean true