εὐθύνω

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

ἰθύνω (ithúnō) — Homeric

Etymology

Denominal verb from εὐθύτης (euthútēs, “straightness”), from εὐθύς (euthús, “straight”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /eu̯.tʰy̌ː.nɔː/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /eʍˈtʰy.no/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /eɸˈθy.no/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /efˈθy.no/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /efˈθi.no/

Verb

εὐθῡ́νω • (euthū́nō)

to guide straight, direct
- 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 289
- 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 1739
- 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Cyclops 15
- 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 39
- 430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 728
- 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Demonicus 32
- New Testament, Epistle of James 3:4
- 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 542
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.1.2
1. to direct, govern
  - 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 773
  - 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 9
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Minos 320d
  - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 178
  - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1164
to make straight
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.28
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 1.46
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.153
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 325d
- 638 BCE – 558 BCE, Solon, Collected Works 4.37
to examine someone's conduct
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 1271a6
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Rhetoric 1419a31
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, The Statesman 299a
1. (with genitive, of a criminal) to call to account for
  - 155 CE – 235 CE, Cassius Dio, Fragments 90
  - 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Cicero 9
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.95
2. to refute, censure
  - 110 BCE – 35 BCE, Philodemus, On Piety 67
  - 110 BCE – 35 BCE, Philodemus, On Phenomena and Inferences 30
  - AD 254–270, Plotinus, Enneades 3.6.13
  - 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Nicias 1
3. to examine by torture
  - 500 CE – 565 CE, Procopius, The Gothic War 3.32

Inflection

Present: εὐθῡ́νω, εὐθῡ́νομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	εὐθῡ́νω	εὐθῡ́νεις	εὐθῡ́νει	εὐθῡ́νετον	εὐθῡ́νετον	εὐθῡ́νομεν	εὐθῡ́νετε	εὐθῡ́νουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	εὐθῡ́νω	εὐθῡ́νῃς	εὐθῡ́νῃ	εὐθῡ́νητον	εὐθῡ́νητον	εὐθῡ́νωμεν	εὐθῡ́νητε	εὐθῡ́νωσῐ(ν)
	optative	εὐθῡ́νοιμῐ	εὐθῡ́νοις	εὐθῡ́νοι	εὐθῡ́νοιτον	εὐθῡνοίτην	εὐθῡ́νοιμεν	εὐθῡ́νοιτε	εὐθῡ́νοιεν
	imperative		εὔθῡνε	εὐθῡνέτω	εὐθῡ́νετον	εὐθῡνέτων		εὐθῡ́νετε	εὐθῡνόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	εὐθῡ́νομαι	εὐθῡ́νῃ / εὐθῡ́νει	εὐθῡ́νεται	εὐθῡ́νεσθον	εὐθῡ́νεσθον	εὐθῡνόμεθᾰ	εὐθῡ́νεσθε	εὐθῡ́νονται
	subjunctive	εὐθῡ́νωμαι	εὐθῡ́νῃ	εὐθῡ́νηται	εὐθῡ́νησθον	εὐθῡ́νησθον	εὐθῡνώμεθᾰ	εὐθῡ́νησθε	εὐθῡ́νωνται
	optative	εὐθῡνοίμην	εὐθῡ́νοιο	εὐθῡ́νοιτο	εὐθῡ́νοισθον	εὐθῡνοίσθην	εὐθῡνοίμεθᾰ	εὐθῡ́νοισθε	εὐθῡ́νοιντο
	imperative		εὐθῡ́νου	εὐθῡνέσθω	εὐθῡ́νεσθον	εὐθῡνέσθων		εὐθῡ́νεσθε	εὐθῡνέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		εὐθῡ́νειν				εὐθῡ́νεσθαι
participle	m	εὐθῡ́νων				εὐθῡνόμενος
	f	εὐθῡ́νουσᾰ				εὐθῡνομένη
	n	εὐθῦνον				εὐθῡνόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Imperfect: ηὔθῡνον, ηὐθῡνόμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ηὔθῡνον	ηὔθῡνες	ηὔθῡνε(ν)	ηὐθῡ́νετον	ηὐθῡνέτην	ηὐθῡ́νομεν	ηὐθῡ́νετε	ηὔθῡνον
middle/ passive	indicative	ηὐθῡνόμην	ηὐθῡ́νου	ηὐθῡ́νετο	ηὐθῡ́νεσθον	ηὐθῡνέσθην	ηὐθῡνόμεθᾰ	ηὐθῡ́νεσθε	ηὐθῡ́νοντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: ηὔθῡνᾰ, ηὐθῡνᾰ́μην, ηὐθύνθην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ηὔθῡνᾰ	ηὔθῡνᾰς	ηὔθῡνε(ν)	ηὐθῡ́νᾰτον	ηὐθῡνᾰ́την	ηὐθῡ́νᾰμεν	ηὐθῡ́νᾰτε	ηὔθῡνᾰν
	subjunctive	εὐθῡ́νω	εὐθῡ́νῃς	εὐθῡ́νῃ	εὐθῡ́νητον	εὐθῡ́νητον	εὐθῡ́νωμεν	εὐθῡ́νητε	εὐθῡ́νωσῐ(ν)
	optative	εὐθῡ́ναιμῐ	εὐθῡ́νειᾰς / εὐθῡ́ναις	εὐθῡ́νειε(ν) / εὐθῡ́ναι	εὐθῡ́ναιτον	εὐθῡναίτην	εὐθῡ́ναιμεν	εὐθῡ́ναιτε	εὐθῡ́νειᾰν / εὐθῡ́ναιεν
	imperative		εὔθῡνον	εὐθῡνᾰ́τω	εὐθῡ́νᾰτον	εὐθῡνᾰ́των		εὐθῡ́νᾰτε	εὐθῡνᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ηὐθῡνᾰ́μην	ηὐθῡ́νω	ηὐθῡ́νᾰτο	ηὐθῡ́νᾰσθον	ηὐθῡνᾰ́σθην	ηὐθῡνᾰ́μεθᾰ	ηὐθῡ́νᾰσθε	ηὐθῡ́νᾰντο
	subjunctive	εὐθῡ́νωμαι	εὐθῡ́νῃ	εὐθῡ́νηται	εὐθῡ́νησθον	εὐθῡ́νησθον	εὐθῡνώμεθᾰ	εὐθῡ́νησθε	εὐθῡ́νωνται
	optative	εὐθῡναίμην	εὐθῡ́ναιο	εὐθῡ́ναιτο	εὐθῡ́ναισθον	εὐθῡναίσθην	εὐθῡναίμεθᾰ	εὐθῡ́ναισθε	εὐθῡ́ναιντο
	imperative		εὔθῡναι	εὐθῡνᾰ́σθω	εὐθῡ́νᾰσθον	εὐθῡνᾰ́σθων		εὐθῡ́νᾰσθε	εὐθῡνᾰ́σθων
passive	indicative	ηὐθύνθην	ηὐθύνθης	ηὐθύνθη	ηὐθύνθητον	ηὐθυνθήτην	ηὐθύνθημεν	ηὐθύνθητε	ηὐθύνθησᾰν
	subjunctive	εὐθυνθῶ	εὐθυνθῇς	εὐθυνθῇ	εὐθυνθῆτον	εὐθυνθῆτον	εὐθυνθῶμεν	εὐθυνθῆτε	εὐθυνθῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	εὐθυνθείην	εὐθυνθείης	εὐθυνθείη	εὐθυνθεῖτον / εὐθυνθείητον	εὐθυνθείτην / εὐθυνθειήτην	εὐθυνθεῖμεν / εὐθυνθείημεν	εὐθυνθεῖτε / εὐθυνθείητε	εὐθυνθεῖεν / εὐθυνθείησᾰν
	imperative		εὐθύνθητῐ	εὐθυνθήτω	εὐθύνθητον	εὐθυνθήτων		εὐθύνθητε	εὐθυνθέντων
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		εὐθῦναι			εὐθῡ́νᾰσθαι		εὐθυνθῆναι
participle	m	εὐθῡ́νᾱς			εὐθῡνᾰ́μενος		εὐθυνθείς
	f	εὐθῡ́νᾱσᾰ			εὐθῡνᾰμένη		εὐθυνθεῖσᾰ
	n	εὐθῦνᾰν			εὐθῡνᾰ́μενον		εὐθυνθέν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

ἀνευθύνω (aneuthúnō)
ἀπευθύνω (apeuthúnō)
δῐευθύνω (dĭeuthúnō)
ἐξευθύνω (exeuthúnō)
ἐπευθύνω (epeuthúnō)
κᾰτευθύνω (kăteuthúnō)
μετευθύνω (meteuthúnō)
πᾰρευθύνω (păreuthúnō)
προσευθύνω (proseuthúnō)
σῠνευθύνω (sŭneuthúnō)

Related terms

ἀνεύθυντος (aneúthuntos)
εὔθῡνᾰ (eúthūnă)
εὔθῡνος (eúthūnos)
εὔθῡνσις (eúthūnsis)
εὔθῡντέον (eúthūntéon)
εὔθῡντήρ (eúthūntḗr)
εὔθῡντήριος (eúthūntḗrios)
εὔθῡντής (eúthūntḗs)
εὔθῡντῐκός (eúthūntĭkós)
εὔθῡντός (eúthūntós)
εὐθυσμός (euthusmós)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “εὐθύς (> DER > εὐθύνω)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 479