κρώζω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Ultimately onomatopoeic, but related to words denoting sounds in other Indo-European languages, such as Latin crociō, Lithuanian kriõkti, Sanskrit क्रोशति (krośati) etc., as well as to κράζω (krázō) and κλώζω (klṓzō), which all seem to trace back to a Proto-Indo-European *kroh₂k-, *kroh₂ḱ- (“to croak”).[1]

Pronunciation

 

Verb

κρώζω • (krṓzō)

  1. to caw, croak (of crows and other birds)
  2. to croak, groan (of people and objects)

Conjugation

   Present: κρώζω
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative κρώζω κρώζεις κρώζει κρώζετον κρώζετον κρώζομεν κρώζετε κρώζουσῐ(ν)
subjunctive κρώζω κρώζῃς κρώζῃ κρώζητον κρώζητον κρώζωμεν κρώζητε κρώζωσῐ(ν)
optative κρώζοιμῐ κρώζοις κρώζοι κρώζοιτον κρωζοίτην κρώζοιμεν κρώζοιτε κρώζοιεν
imperative   κρῶζε κρωζέτω κρώζετον κρωζέτων   κρώζετε κρωζόντων
active
infinitive κρώζειν
participle m κρώζων
f κρώζουσᾰ
n κρῶζον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἔκρωζον
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἔκρωζον ἔκρωζες ἔκρωζε(ν) ἐκρώζετον ἐκρωζέτην ἐκρώζομεν ἐκρώζετε ἔκρωζον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: κρώξω
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative κρώξω κρώξεις κρώξει κρώξετον κρώξετον κρώξομεν κρώξετε κρώξουσῐ(ν)
optative κρώξοιμῐ κρώξοις κρώξοι κρώξοιτον κρωξοίτην κρώξοιμεν κρώξοιτε κρώξοιεν
active
infinitive κρώξειν
participle m κρώξων
f κρώξουσᾰ
n κρῶξον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἔκρωξᾰ
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἔκρωξᾰ ἔκρωξᾰς ἔκρωξε(ν) ἐκρώξᾰτον ἐκρωξᾰ́την ἐκρώξᾰμεν ἐκρώξᾰτε ἔκρωξᾰν
subjunctive κρώξω κρώξῃς κρώξῃ κρώξητον κρώξητον κρώξωμεν κρώξητε κρώξωσῐ(ν)
optative κρώξαιμῐ κρώξειᾰς / κρώξαις κρώξειε(ν) / κρώξαι κρώξαιτον κρωξαίτην κρώξαιμεν κρώξαιτε κρώξειᾰν / κρώξαιεν
imperative   κρῶξον κρωξᾰ́τω κρώξᾰτον κρωξᾰ́των   κρώξᾰτε κρωξᾰ́ντων
active
infinitive κρῶξαι
participle m κρώξᾱς
f κρώξᾱσᾰ
n κρῶξᾰν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κρώζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 788

Further reading

Greek

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κρώζω (krṓzō).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkɾo.zo/
  • Hyphenation: κρώ‧ζω

Verb

κρώζω • (krózo) (past έκρωξα, passive —) (intransitive)

  1. (of birds) to caw, to croak, to crow (to make a harsh or shrill cry)
  2. (by extension, of a person) to squawk (to yell, scream, or call out shrilly)

Conjugation

κρώζω   (active forms only)
Active voice ➤
Indicative mood ➤ Imperfective aspect ➤ Perfective aspect ➤
Non-past tenses ➤ Present ➤ Dependent ➤
1 sg κρώξω
2 sg κρώζεις κρώξεις
3 sg κρώζει κρώξει
1 pl κρώζουμε, [‑ομε] κρώξουμε, [‑ομε]
2 pl κρώζετε κρώξετε
3 pl κρώζουν(ε) κρώξουν(ε)
Past tenses ➤ Imperfect ➤ Simple past ➤
1 sg έκρωζα έκρωξα
2 sg έκρωζες έκρωξες
3 sg έκρωζε έκρωξε
1 pl κρώζαμε κρώξαμε
2 pl κρώζατε κρώξατε
3 pl έκρωζαν, κρώζαν(ε) έκρωξαν, κρώξαν(ε)
Future tenses ➤ Continuous ➤ Simple ➤
1 sg θα ➤ θα κρώξω ➤
2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl θα κρώζεις, … θα κρώξεις, …
Perfect aspect ➤
Present perfect ➤   έχω, έχεις, … κρώξει  
Past perfect ➤   είχα, είχες, … κρώξει  
Future perfect ➤   θα έχω, θα έχεις, … κρώξει  
Subjunctive mood ➤ Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας).
Imperative mood ➤ Imperfective aspect Perfective aspect
2 sg κρώζε κρώξε
2 pl κρώζετε κρώξτε, κρώχτε1
Other forms
Active present participle ➤   κρώζοντας ➤
Active perfect participle ➤   έχοντας κρώξει ➤
Passive perfect participle ➤ —
Nonfinite form ➤   κρώξει
Notes  
 
Appendix:Greek verbs 		 1. Colloquial.
 • (…) optional or informal.   […] rare.   {…} learned, archaic.
 • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency.
 • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive.

Synonyms

References

  1. ^ κρώζω, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
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