χθόνιος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dʰeǵʰ-

Proto-Indo-European *-ōm

Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm

Proto-Hellenic *kʰtʰṓn

Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn)

Proto-Indo-European *-yósder.

Ancient Greek -ῐος (-ĭos)

Ancient Greek χθόνιος (khthónios)

From χθών (khthṓn, “ground, soil”) +‎ -ῐος (-ĭos), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰtʰó.ni.os/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkʰtʰo.ni.os/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈxθo.ni.os/

Adjective

χθόνῐος • (khthónĭos) m (feminine χθονῐ́ᾱ, neuter χθόνῐον); first/second declension
χθόνῐος • (khthónĭos) m or f (neuter χθόνῐον); second declension

underground, subterranean, chthonian

Inflection

First and second declension of χθόνῐος; χθονῐ́ᾱ; χθόνῐον (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	χθόνῐος khthónĭos	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthonĭ́ā	χθόνῐον khthónĭon	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthonĭ́ā	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθόνῐοι khthónĭoi	χθόνῐαι khthónĭai	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Genitive	χθονῐ́ου khthonĭ́ou	χθονῐ́ᾱς khthonĭ́ās	χθονῐ́ου khthonĭ́ou	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́αιν khthonĭ́ain	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́ων khthonĭ́ōn	χθονῐ́ων khthonĭ́ōn	χθονῐ́ων khthonĭ́ōn
Dative	χθονῐ́ῳ khthonĭ́ōi	χθονῐ́ᾳ khthonĭ́āi	χθονῐ́ῳ khthonĭ́ōi	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́αιν khthonĭ́ain	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́οις khthonĭ́ois	χθονῐ́αις khthonĭ́ais	χθονῐ́οις khthonĭ́ois
Accusative	χθόνῐον khthónĭon	χθονῐ́ᾱν khthonĭ́ān	χθόνῐον khthónĭon	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthonĭ́ā	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ους khthonĭ́ous	χθονῐ́ᾱς khthonĭ́ās	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Vocative	χθόνῐε khthónĭe	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthonĭ́ā	χθόνῐον khthónĭon	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ᾱ khthonĭ́ā	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθόνῐοι khthónĭoi	χθόνῐαι khthónĭai	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	χθονῐ́ως khthonĭ́ōs			χθονῐώτερος khthonĭṓteros			χθονῐώτᾰτος khthonĭṓtătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Second declension of χθόνῐος; χθόνῐον (Attic)

Number	Singular		Dual		Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	χθόνῐος khthónĭos	χθόνῐον khthónĭon	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθόνῐοι khthónĭoi	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Genitive	χθονῐ́ου khthonĭ́ou	χθονῐ́ου khthonĭ́ou	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́ων khthonĭ́ōn	χθονῐ́ων khthonĭ́ōn
Dative	χθονῐ́ῳ khthonĭ́ōi	χθονῐ́ῳ khthonĭ́ōi	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́οιν khthonĭ́oin	χθονῐ́οις khthonĭ́ois	χθονῐ́οις khthonĭ́ois
Accusative	χθόνῐον khthónĭon	χθόνῐον khthónĭon	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ους khthonĭ́ous	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Vocative	χθόνῐε khthónĭe	χθόνῐον khthónĭon	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθονῐ́ω khthonĭ́ō	χθόνῐοι khthónĭoi	χθόνῐᾰ khthónĭă
Derived forms	Adverb		Comparative		Superlative
Derived forms	χθονῐ́ως khthonĭ́ōs		χθονῐώτερος khthonĭṓteros		χθονῐώτᾰτος khthonĭṓtătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Synonyms

ὑπόγειος (hupógeios)

Descendants

Greek: χθόνιος (chthónios)
English: chthonian
Latin: chthonius
- Italian: ctonio

References

“χθόνιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“χθόνιος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
χθόνιος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
“χθόνιος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- hellish idem, page 395.
- infernal idem, page 437.
- nether idem, page 556.
- subterranean idem, page 833.
- tartarean idem, page 856.
- under idem, page 912.
- underground idem, page 913.
- world idem, page 989.