إشتيام
See also: اشتيام
Arabic
Etymology
From Aramaic אִישְׁתְּיָאמָא (ʾištyāmā) / ܐܸܫܬܝܵܡܵܐ (ʾeštyāmā, “captain”), assumed to be from Akkadian 𒊮𒌓 (ŠA₃.TAM /šatammu/, “administrator, chief accountant”), from Sumerian 𒊮𒌓 (ŠA₃.TAM /šatam/, “auditor, administration official”), having passed into Aramaic as */šətammā/ → */šətēmā/ → /ištēmā/, then misvocalized and spoken instead of אִשְׁתֵּימָא (ʾištēmā) as אִשְׁתְּיָמָא (ʾištyāmā) and written plene אִישְׁתְּיָאמָא (ʾištyāmā).
Noun
إِشْتِيَام • (ʔištiyām) m (plural أَشَاتِمَة (ʔašātima))
- (obsolete) captain, or specifically a supercargo
- a. 1000, المقدسي, edited by Michael Jan de Goeje, أحسن التقاسيم في معرفة الأقاليم [ʾaḥsan at-taqāsīm fī maʿrifa al-ʾaqālīm] (Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum; 3)[1], Leiden: E. J. Brill, published 1877, 1906, page 10 line 17:
Declension
| singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | construct | |
| informal | إِشْتِيَام ʔištiyām |
الْإِشْتِيَام al-ʔištiyām |
إِشْتِيَام ʔištiyām |
| nominative | إِشْتِيَامٌ ʔištiyāmun |
الْإِشْتِيَامُ al-ʔištiyāmu |
إِشْتِيَامُ ʔištiyāmu |
| accusative | إِشْتِيَامًا ʔištiyāman |
الْإِشْتِيَامَ al-ʔištiyāma |
إِشْتِيَامَ ʔištiyāma |
| genitive | إِشْتِيَامٍ ʔištiyāmin |
الْإِشْتِيَامِ al-ʔištiyāmi |
إِشْتِيَامِ ʔištiyāmi |
| dual | indefinite | definite | construct |
| informal | إِشْتِيَامَيْن ʔištiyāmayn |
الْإِشْتِيَامَيْن al-ʔištiyāmayn |
إِشْتِيَامَيْ ʔištiyāmay |
| nominative | إِشْتِيَامَانِ ʔištiyāmāni |
الْإِشْتِيَامَانِ al-ʔištiyāmāni |
إِشْتِيَامَا ʔištiyāmā |
| accusative | إِشْتِيَامَيْنِ ʔištiyāmayni |
الْإِشْتِيَامَيْنِ al-ʔištiyāmayni |
إِشْتِيَامَيْ ʔištiyāmay |
| genitive | إِشْتِيَامَيْنِ ʔištiyāmayni |
الْإِشْتِيَامَيْنِ al-ʔištiyāmayni |
إِشْتِيَامَيْ ʔištiyāmay |
| plural | broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
| indefinite | definite | construct | |
| informal | أَشَاتِمَة ʔašātima |
الْأَشَاتِمَة al-ʔašātima |
أَشَاتِمَة ʔašātimat |
| nominative | أَشَاتِمَةٌ ʔašātimatun |
الْأَشَاتِمَةُ al-ʔašātimatu |
أَشَاتِمَةُ ʔašātimatu |
| accusative | أَشَاتِمَةً ʔašātimatan |
الْأَشَاتِمَةَ al-ʔašātimata |
أَشَاتِمَةَ ʔašātimata |
| genitive | أَشَاتِمَةٍ ʔašātimatin |
الْأَشَاتِمَةِ al-ʔašātimati |
أَشَاتِمَةِ ʔašātimati |
References
- Agius, Dionisius A. (2008) Classic Ships of Islam. From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean (Handbook of Oriental Studies; 92), Leiden: Brill, page 328
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 222
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 293
- Michael Jan de Goeje, editor (1879), Indices, glossarium et addenda et emendanda ad part. I–III (Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum; 7)[2] (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, published 1879, page 271
- Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)[3], Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 101
- Lane, Edward William (1863-1893) “إشتيام”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1503c.
- Rundgren, Frithiof (1961) “Semitische Wortstudien”, in Orientalia Suecana[4], volume 10, pages 100–104
- Ullmann, Manfred (1992) Das Motiv des Spiegels in der arabischen Literatur des Mittelalters (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Philologisch-historische Klasse; 198) (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pages 139–40
- “ˀštym”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- “šatam [OFFICIAL]”, in The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary[5], University of Pennsylvania, 2006