خندق

Arabic

Etymology 1

An Iranian borrowing: compare Persian کندک (kandak), کنده (kanda), Old Armenian քանդակ (kʻandak) (also from Iranian).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /xan.da.qa/

Verb

خَنْدَقَ • (ḵandaqa) Iq (non-past يُخَنْدِقُ (yuḵandiqu), verbal noun خَنْدَقَة (ḵandaqa))

  1. to dig a trench, to make a trench
  2. to dig a moat, to make a moat
Conjugation
Conjugation of خَنْدَقَ (Iq, sound, full passive, verbal noun خَنْدَقَة)
verbal noun
الْمَصْدَر 		خَنْدَقَة
ḵandaqa
active participle
اِسْم الْفَاعِل 		مُخَنْدِق
muḵandiq
passive participle
اِسْم الْمَفْعُول 		مُخَنْدَق
muḵandaq
active voice
الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m خَنْدَقْتُ
ḵandaqtu 		خَنْدَقْتَ
ḵandaqta 		خَنْدَقَ
ḵandaqa 		خَنْدَقْتُمَا
ḵandaqtumā 		خَنْدَقَا
ḵandaqā 		خَنْدَقْنَا
ḵandaqnā 		خَنْدَقْتُمْ
ḵandaqtum 		خَنْدَقُوا
ḵandaqū
f خَنْدَقْتِ
ḵandaqti 		خَنْدَقَتْ
ḵandaqat 		خَنْدَقَتَا
ḵandaqatā 		خَنْدَقْتُنَّ
ḵandaqtunna 		خَنْدَقْنَ
ḵandaqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع 		m أُخَنْدِقُ
ʔuḵandiqu 		تُخَنْدِقُ
tuḵandiqu 		يُخَنْدِقُ
yuḵandiqu 		تُخَنْدِقَانِ
tuḵandiqāni 		يُخَنْدِقَانِ
yuḵandiqāni 		نُخَنْدِقُ
nuḵandiqu 		تُخَنْدِقُونَ
tuḵandiqūna 		يُخَنْدِقُونَ
yuḵandiqūna
f تُخَنْدِقِينَ
tuḵandiqīna 		تُخَنْدِقُ
tuḵandiqu 		تُخَنْدِقَانِ
tuḵandiqāni 		تُخَنْدِقْنَ
tuḵandiqna 		يُخَنْدِقْنَ
yuḵandiqna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m أُخَنْدِقَ
ʔuḵandiqa 		تُخَنْدِقَ
tuḵandiqa 		يُخَنْدِقَ
yuḵandiqa 		تُخَنْدِقَا
tuḵandiqā 		يُخَنْدِقَا
yuḵandiqā 		نُخَنْدِقَ
nuḵandiqa 		تُخَنْدِقُوا
tuḵandiqū 		يُخَنْدِقُوا
yuḵandiqū
f تُخَنْدِقِي
tuḵandiqī 		تُخَنْدِقَ
tuḵandiqa 		تُخَنْدِقَا
tuḵandiqā 		تُخَنْدِقْنَ
tuḵandiqna 		يُخَنْدِقْنَ
yuḵandiqna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m أُخَنْدِقْ
ʔuḵandiq 		تُخَنْدِقْ
tuḵandiq 		يُخَنْدِقْ
yuḵandiq 		تُخَنْدِقَا
tuḵandiqā 		يُخَنْدِقَا
yuḵandiqā 		نُخَنْدِقْ
nuḵandiq 		تُخَنْدِقُوا
tuḵandiqū 		يُخَنْدِقُوا
yuḵandiqū
f تُخَنْدِقِي
tuḵandiqī 		تُخَنْدِقْ
tuḵandiq 		تُخَنْدِقَا
tuḵandiqā 		تُخَنْدِقْنَ
tuḵandiqna 		يُخَنْدِقْنَ
yuḵandiqna
imperative
الْأَمْر 		m خَنْدِقْ
ḵandiq 		خَنْدِقَا
ḵandiqā 		خَنْدِقُوا
ḵandiqū
f خَنْدِقِي
ḵandiqī 		خَنْدِقْنَ
ḵandiqna
passive voice
الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m خُنْدِقْتُ
ḵundiqtu 		خُنْدِقْتَ
ḵundiqta 		خُنْدِقَ
ḵundiqa 		خُنْدِقْتُمَا
ḵundiqtumā 		خُنْدِقَا
ḵundiqā 		خُنْدِقْنَا
ḵundiqnā 		خُنْدِقْتُمْ
ḵundiqtum 		خُنْدِقُوا
ḵundiqū
f خُنْدِقْتِ
ḵundiqti 		خُنْدِقَتْ
ḵundiqat 		خُنْدِقَتَا
ḵundiqatā 		خُنْدِقْتُنَّ
ḵundiqtunna 		خُنْدِقْنَ
ḵundiqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع 		m أُخَنْدَقُ
ʔuḵandaqu 		تُخَنْدَقُ
tuḵandaqu 		يُخَنْدَقُ
yuḵandaqu 		تُخَنْدَقَانِ
tuḵandaqāni 		يُخَنْدَقَانِ
yuḵandaqāni 		نُخَنْدَقُ
nuḵandaqu 		تُخَنْدَقُونَ
tuḵandaqūna 		يُخَنْدَقُونَ
yuḵandaqūna
f تُخَنْدَقِينَ
tuḵandaqīna 		تُخَنْدَقُ
tuḵandaqu 		تُخَنْدَقَانِ
tuḵandaqāni 		تُخَنْدَقْنَ
tuḵandaqna 		يُخَنْدَقْنَ
yuḵandaqna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m أُخَنْدَقَ
ʔuḵandaqa 		تُخَنْدَقَ
tuḵandaqa 		يُخَنْدَقَ
yuḵandaqa 		تُخَنْدَقَا
tuḵandaqā 		يُخَنْدَقَا
yuḵandaqā 		نُخَنْدَقَ
nuḵandaqa 		تُخَنْدَقُوا
tuḵandaqū 		يُخَنْدَقُوا
yuḵandaqū
f تُخَنْدَقِي
tuḵandaqī 		تُخَنْدَقَ
tuḵandaqa 		تُخَنْدَقَا
tuḵandaqā 		تُخَنْدَقْنَ
tuḵandaqna 		يُخَنْدَقْنَ
yuḵandaqna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m أُخَنْدَقْ
ʔuḵandaq 		تُخَنْدَقْ
tuḵandaq 		يُخَنْدَقْ
yuḵandaq 		تُخَنْدَقَا
tuḵandaqā 		يُخَنْدَقَا
yuḵandaqā 		نُخَنْدَقْ
nuḵandaq 		تُخَنْدَقُوا
tuḵandaqū 		يُخَنْدَقُوا
yuḵandaqū
f تُخَنْدَقِي
tuḵandaqī 		تُخَنْدَقْ
tuḵandaq 		تُخَنْدَقَا
tuḵandaqā 		تُخَنْدَقْنَ
tuḵandaqna 		يُخَنْدَقْنَ
yuḵandaqna

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /xan.daq/
    • (Hijazi) IPA(key): /xan.daɡ/

Noun

خَنْدَق • (ḵandaq) m (plural خَنَادِق (ḵanādiq))

  1. trench
  2. moat
Declension
Declension of noun خَنْدَق (ḵandaq)
singular basic singular triptote
indefinite definite construct
informal خَنْدَق
ḵandaq 		الْخَنْدَق
al-ḵandaq 		خَنْدَق
ḵandaq
nominative خَنْدَقٌ
ḵandaqun 		الْخَنْدَقُ
al-ḵandaqu 		خَنْدَقُ
ḵandaqu
accusative خَنْدَقًا
ḵandaqan 		الْخَنْدَقَ
al-ḵandaqa 		خَنْدَقَ
ḵandaqa
genitive خَنْدَقٍ
ḵandaqin 		الْخَنْدَقِ
al-ḵandaqi 		خَنْدَقِ
ḵandaqi
dual indefinite definite construct
informal خَنْدَقَيْن
ḵandaqayn 		الْخَنْدَقَيْن
al-ḵandaqayn 		خَنْدَقَيْ
ḵandaqay
nominative خَنْدَقَانِ
ḵandaqāni 		الْخَنْدَقَانِ
al-ḵandaqāni 		خَنْدَقَا
ḵandaqā
accusative خَنْدَقَيْنِ
ḵandaqayni 		الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ
al-ḵandaqayni 		خَنْدَقَيْ
ḵandaqay
genitive خَنْدَقَيْنِ
ḵandaqayni 		الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ
al-ḵandaqayni 		خَنْدَقَيْ
ḵandaqay
plural basic broken plural diptote
indefinite definite construct
informal خَنَادِق
ḵanādiq 		الْخَنَادِق
al-ḵanādiq 		خَنَادِق
ḵanādiq
nominative خَنَادِقُ
ḵanādiqu 		الْخَنَادِقُ
al-ḵanādiqu 		خَنَادِقُ
ḵanādiqu
accusative خَنَادِقَ
ḵanādiqa 		الْخَنَادِقَ
al-ḵanādiqa 		خَنَادِقَ
ḵanādiqa
genitive خَنَادِقَ
ḵanādiqa 		الْخَنَادِقِ
al-ḵanādiqi 		خَنَادِقِ
ḵanādiqi
Descendants
  • → Old Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
  • → Middle Armenian: խանտակ (xantak)
  • → Byzantine Greek: Χάνδαξ (Khándax), Χάνδακας (Khándakas)
    • → Latin: Candia
    • ⇒ Byzantine Greek: χανδάκιον (khandákion), χαντάκιον (khantákion)
  • → Northern Kurdish: xendek, xendeq
  • → Persian: خندق (xandaq), کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)
  • → Swahili: handaki
  • → Tajik: хандақ (xandaq)
    • → Uzbek: xandaq
  • → Uyghur: خەندەك (xendek)

Further reading

  • Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խանդակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 330b

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian خندق (xandaq), itself from Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq, “trench, moat”), ultimately from Middle Persian *handag.

Noun

خندق • (hendek) (definite accusative خندقی (hendeki), plural خنادق (henadik))

  1. (military) trench, a narrow excavation as used in warfare
    Synonym: سپر (siper)
  2. moat, fosse, a deep and defensive ditch normally filled with water
    Synonym: صو خندقی (su hendeki)
  3. ditch, trench, gutter, dyke, any long, shallow indentation dug to conduct water
    Synonym: آرق (ark) (irrigation ditch)

Derived terms

  • برج خندقی (burc hendeki, “fosse, moat”)
  • دوه‌یه خندق آتلاتمق (deveye hendek atlatmak, “to force an obstinate man to do a thing”, literally “to make a camel leap a ditch”)
  • صو خندقی (su hendeki, “moat”)
  • صولی خندق (sulu hendek, “flooded trench”)
  • قورو خندق (kuru hendek, “dried ditch”)
  • یول خندقی (yol hendeki, “ditch at the side of a road”)

Descendants

Proper noun

خندق • (hendek)

  1. Hendek (a town and districtp, a Sakarya in Turkey)

Descendants

Further reading

Persian

Alternative forms

  • کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq), from Middle Persian *handag (whence Persian هندک (handak, “moat”)).

Pronunciation

 

Readings
Classical reading? xandaq
Dari reading? xandaq
Iranian reading? xandaġ
Tajik reading? xandaq

Noun

خندق • (xandaq) (plural خندق‌ها)

  1. moat

Descendants

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