قم

See also: فم and ق. م.

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
ق م م (q m m)
4 terms

Verb

قَمَّ • (qamma) I (non-past يَقُمُّ (yaqummu), verbal noun قَمّ (qamm))

to sweep, to scoop
to go onto and into, to climb on

Conjugation

Conjugation of **قَمَّ** (I, geminate, a ~ u, full passive (?), verbal noun **قَمّ**)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					قَمّ qamm
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					قَامّ qāmm
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول					مَقْمُوم maqmūm
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	قَمَمْتُ qamamtu	قَمَمْتَ qamamta	قَمَّ qamma	قَمَمْتُمَا qamamtumā	قَمَّا qammā	قَمَمْنَا qamamnā	قَمَمْتُمْ qamamtum	قَمُّوا qammū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	قَمَمْتُ qamamtu	قَمَمْتِ qamamti	قَمَّتْ qammat	قَمَمْتُمَا qamamtumā	قَمَّتَا qammatā	قَمَمْنَا qamamnā	قَمَمْتُنَّ qamamtunna	قَمَمْنَ qamamna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَقُمُّ ʔaqummu	تَقُمُّ taqummu	يَقُمُّ yaqummu	تَقُمَّانِ taqummāni	يَقُمَّانِ yaqummāni	نَقُمُّ naqummu	تَقُمُّونَ taqummūna	يَقُمُّونَ yaqummūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أَقُمُّ ʔaqummu	تَقُمِّينَ taqummīna	تَقُمُّ taqummu	تَقُمَّانِ taqummāni	تَقُمَّانِ taqummāni	نَقُمُّ naqummu	تَقْمُمْنَ taqmumna	يَقْمُمْنَ yaqmumna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَقُمَّ ʔaqumma	تَقُمَّ taqumma	يَقُمَّ yaqumma	تَقُمَّا taqummā	يَقُمَّا yaqummā	نَقُمَّ naqumma	تَقُمُّوا taqummū	يَقُمُّوا yaqummū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أَقُمَّ ʔaqumma	تَقُمِّي taqummī	تَقُمَّ taqumma	تَقُمَّا taqummā	تَقُمَّا taqummā	نَقُمَّ naqumma	تَقْمُمْنَ taqmumna	يَقْمُمْنَ yaqmumna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَقُمَّ, أَقُمِّ, أَقْمُمْ ʔaqumma, ʔaqummi, ʔaqmum	تَقُمَّ, تَقُمِّ, تَقْمُمْ taqumma, taqummi, taqmum	يَقُمَّ, يَقُمِّ, يَقْمُمْ yaqumma, yaqummi, yaqmum	تَقُمَّا taqummā	يَقُمَّا yaqummā	نَقُمَّ, نَقُمِّ, نَقْمُمْ naqumma, naqummi, naqmum	تَقُمُّوا taqummū	يَقُمُّوا yaqummū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أَقُمَّ, أَقُمِّ, أَقْمُمْ ʔaqumma, ʔaqummi, ʔaqmum	تَقُمِّي taqummī	تَقُمَّ, تَقُمِّ, تَقْمُمْ taqumma, taqummi, taqmum	تَقُمَّا taqummā	تَقُمَّا taqummā	نَقُمَّ, نَقُمِّ, نَقْمُمْ naqumma, naqummi, naqmum	تَقْمُمْنَ taqmumna	يَقْمُمْنَ yaqmumna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		قُمَّ, قُمِّ, اُقْمُمْ qumma, qummi, uqmum		قُمَّا qummā			قُمُّوا qummū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		قُمِّي qummī		قُمَّا qummā			اُقْمُمْنَ uqmumna

passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	قُمِمْتُ qumimtu	قُمِمْتَ qumimta	قُمَّ qumma	قُمِمْتُمَا qumimtumā	قُمَّا qummā	قُمِمْنَا qumimnā	قُمِمْتُمْ qumimtum	قُمُّوا qummū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	قُمِمْتُ qumimtu	قُمِمْتِ qumimti	قُمَّتْ qummat	قُمِمْتُمَا qumimtumā	قُمَّتَا qummatā	قُمِمْنَا qumimnā	قُمِمْتُنَّ qumimtunna	قُمِمْنَ qumimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُقَمُّ ʔuqammu	تُقَمُّ tuqammu	يُقَمُّ yuqammu	تُقَمَّانِ tuqammāni	يُقَمَّانِ yuqammāni	نُقَمُّ nuqammu	تُقَمُّونَ tuqammūna	يُقَمُّونَ yuqammūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُقَمُّ ʔuqammu	تُقَمِّينَ tuqammīna	تُقَمُّ tuqammu	تُقَمَّانِ tuqammāni	تُقَمَّانِ tuqammāni	نُقَمُّ nuqammu	تُقْمَمْنَ tuqmamna	يُقْمَمْنَ yuqmamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُقَمَّ ʔuqamma	تُقَمَّ tuqamma	يُقَمَّ yuqamma	تُقَمَّا tuqammā	يُقَمَّا yuqammā	نُقَمَّ nuqamma	تُقَمُّوا tuqammū	يُقَمُّوا yuqammū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُقَمَّ ʔuqamma	تُقَمِّي tuqammī	تُقَمَّ tuqamma	تُقَمَّا tuqammā	تُقَمَّا tuqammā	نُقَمَّ nuqamma	تُقْمَمْنَ tuqmamna	يُقْمَمْنَ yuqmamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُقَمَّ, أُقَمِّ, أُقْمَمْ ʔuqamma, ʔuqammi, ʔuqmam	تُقَمَّ, تُقَمِّ, تُقْمَمْ tuqamma, tuqammi, tuqmam	يُقَمَّ, يُقَمِّ, يُقْمَمْ yuqamma, yuqammi, yuqmam	تُقَمَّا tuqammā	يُقَمَّا yuqammā	نُقَمَّ, نُقَمِّ, نُقْمَمْ nuqamma, nuqammi, nuqmam	تُقَمُّوا tuqammū	يُقَمُّوا yuqammū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُقَمَّ, أُقَمِّ, أُقْمَمْ ʔuqamma, ʔuqammi, ʔuqmam	تُقَمِّي tuqammī	تُقَمَّ, تُقَمِّ, تُقْمَمْ tuqamma, tuqammi, tuqmam	تُقَمَّا tuqammā	تُقَمَّا tuqammā	نُقَمَّ, نُقَمِّ, نُقْمَمْ nuqamma, nuqammi, nuqmam	تُقْمَمْنَ tuqmamna	يُقْمَمْنَ yuqmamna

Noun

قَمّ • (qamm) m

verbal noun of قَمَّ (qamma) (form I)

Declension

Declension of noun **قَمّ** (qamm)
singular	basic singular triptote
singular	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	قَمّ qamm	الْقَمّ al-qamm	قَمّ qamm
nominative	قَمٌّ qammun	الْقَمُّ al-qammu	قَمُّ qammu
accusative	قَمًّا qamman	الْقَمَّ al-qamma	قَمَّ qamma
genitive	قَمٍّ qammin	الْقَمِّ al-qammi	قَمِّ qammi

Etymology 2

From Persian (qom).

Proper noun

قُم • (qum) f

Qom (a city in Iran)
Qom (a province of Iran)

Declension

Declension of noun **قُم** (qum)
singular	basic singular triptote
singular	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	—	قُم qum	—
nominative	—	قُمٌ qumun	—
accusative	—	قُمًا quman	—
genitive	—	قُمٍ qumin	—

Derived terms

قُمِّي (qummī)

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

قُمْ • (qum) (form I) /qum/

second-person masculine singular imperative of قَامَ (qāma)

Persian

Alternative forms

کنب (konb), کمب (komb), کم (kom), قنب (qonb) (obsolete)

Etymology

Immediately from Arabic, since the city was founded by Arabs in 685 and because (q) does not occur in native Persian words. The 988 book History of Qum offers several etymologies:^[1]

An Arabic corruption of Classical Persian (kūma, “shed; hut”), since the site of the city was previously used by shepherds for shelter. This may be the most plausible.
An Arabic corruption of the nearby Persian village of (kūb).
From Arabic قُمْ (qum, “stand up!”, singular imperative of قَامَ (qāma, “to stand up”)), with various religious etymologies (e.g. because the Prophet Muhammad was ordered to "stand up" on the site of the city during his heavenly journey); these are obvious cases of folk etymology.

Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda claims that the alternative spellings (kunb), (kumb), and (kum), which are attested in Classical Persian, are the original forms, and that (qum) is an Arabicised derivative of them.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ˈqum/

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [qʊm]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [qʊm]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [qum]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [qom]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [qum]

Readings
Classical reading^?	qum
Dari reading^?	qum
Iranian reading^?	ġom
Tajik reading^?	qum

Proper noun


Iranian Persian	قم
Dari	قم
Tajik	Қум

قم • (qum / ġom)

Qom (a city in Iran, the seat of Qom County's Central District and the capital of Qom Province, a shrine city and center of Shi'ite seminarian learning)
Qom (a county of Iran, around the city)
Qom (a province of Iran)

Descendants

→ Chagatai: قم
- Uzbek: Qum

References

^ Hanaoka, Mimi (2016) Authority and Identity in Medieval Islamic Historiography: Persian Histories from the Peripheries, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 205—207
^ Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “کنب”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
^ Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “کمب”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
^ Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “کم”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press

[1] Hanaoka, Mimi (2016) Authority and Identity in Medieval Islamic Historiography: Persian Histories from the Peripheries, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 205—207

[2] Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “کنب”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press

[3] Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “کمب”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press

[4] Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “کم”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press

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