ऋण
See also: ऋण्
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit ऋण (ṛṇá).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /ɾɪɳ/, [ɾɪ̃ɳ]
Noun
ऋण • (ŕṇ) m
- (finance) debt, loss
- (mathematics, dated) subtraction sign
- (chemistry, in compounds) negative charge
- Synonym: ऋणावेश (ŕṇāveś) (independently)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | ऋण ŕṇ |
ऋण ŕṇ |
| oblique | ऋण ŕṇ |
ऋणों ŕṇõ |
| vocative | ऋण ŕṇ |
ऋणो ŕṇo |
Marathi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit ऋण (ṛṇa).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɾuɳ/, [ɾuːɳ]
Adjective
ऋण • (ruṇ)
- (mathematics) negative
- Synonym: धन (dhan)
Noun
ऋण • (ruṇ) n
Declension
| Declension of ऋण (neut cons-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| direct singular |
ऋण ruṇ | ||
| direct plural |
ऋणे, ऋणं ruṇe, ruṇa | ||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
| nominative प्रथमा |
ऋण ruṇ |
ऋणे, ऋणं ruṇe, ruṇa | |
| oblique सामान्यरूप |
ऋणा ruṇā |
ऋणां- ruṇān- | |
| acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
ऋणाला ruṇālā |
ऋणांना ruṇānnā | |
| ergative | ऋणाने, ऋणानं ruṇāne, ruṇāna |
ऋणांनी ruṇānnī | |
| instrumental | ऋणाशी ruṇāśī |
ऋणांशी ruṇānśī | |
| locative सप्तमी |
ऋणात ruṇāt |
ऋणांत ruṇāt | |
| vocative संबोधन |
ऋणा ruṇā |
ऋणांनो ruṇānno | |
| Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. | |||
| Genitive declension of ऋण (neut cons-stem) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
| singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
ऋणाचा ruṇāċā |
ऋणाचे ruṇāċe |
ऋणाची ruṇācī |
ऋणाच्या ruṇācā |
ऋणाचे, ऋणाचं ruṇāċe, ruṇāċa |
ऋणाची ruṇācī |
ऋणाच्या ruṇācā | |
| plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
ऋणांचा ruṇānċā |
ऋणांचे ruṇānċe |
ऋणांची ruṇāñcī |
ऋणांच्या ruṇāncā |
ऋणांचे, ऋणांचं ruṇānċe, ruṇānċa |
ऋणांची ruṇāñcī |
ऋणांच्या ruṇāñcā | |
| * Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. | ||||||||
Derived terms
- ऋणी (ruṇī, “indebted, obliged”)
References
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “ऋण”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- ঋণ (Assamese script)
- ᬋᬡ (Balinese script)
- ঋণ (Bengali script)
- 𑰆𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀋𑀡 (Brahmi script)
- ၒဏ (Burmese script)
- ઋણ (Gujarati script)
- ਰਣ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌋𑌣 (Grantha script)
- ꦉꦟ (Javanese script)
- 𑂩𑂱𑂝 (Kaithi script)
- ಋಣ (Kannada script)
- ឫណ (Khmer script)
- ຣິຓ (Lao script)
- ഋണ (Malayalam script)
- ᡵᡳᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘆𑘜 (Modi script)
- ᠷᠢᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦦𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐆𑐞 (Newa script)
- ଋଣ (Odia script)
- ꢈꢠ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆉𑆟 (Sharada script)
- 𑖆𑖜 (Siddham script)
- ඍණ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩐𑩙𑩪 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚘 (Takri script)
- ரிண (Tamil script)
- ఋణ (Telugu script)
- ฤณ (Thai script)
- རྀ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒇𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨫𑨉𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥nás, *Harnás (“debt, guilt”).[1] Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬝𐬹𐬗𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬀 (arənat̰ caēša, “punishing guilt”), Khotanese [script needed] (ārra, “fault”), and possibly Hittite [script needed] (ar-nu-, “to pay for debts, make up damage”).[2]
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /r̩.ɳɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /r̩.ɳɐ/
Noun
ऋण • (ṛṇá) stem, n
- anything due, obligation, duty, debt
- the obligations of a Brahman
- anything wanted or missed
- a debt of money, money owed
- guilt
- (mathematics) a negative quality, minus
- water
- fort, stronghold
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ऋणम् (ṛṇám) | ऋणे (ṛṇé) | ऋणानि (ṛṇā́ni) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹) |
| accusative | ऋणम् (ṛṇám) | ऋणे (ṛṇé) | ऋणानि (ṛṇā́ni) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹) |
| instrumental | ऋणेन (ṛṇéna) | ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणैः (ṛṇaíḥ) ऋणेभिः¹ (ṛṇébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | ऋणाय (ṛṇā́ya) | ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | ऋणात् (ṛṇā́t) | ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | ऋणस्य (ṛṇásya) | ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ) | ऋणानाम् (ṛṇā́nām) |
| locative | ऋणे (ṛṇé) | ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ) | ऋणेषु (ṛṇéṣu) |
| vocative | ऋण (ṛ́ṇa) | ऋणे (ṛ́ṇe) | ऋणानि (ṛ́ṇāni) ऋणा¹ (ṛ́ṇā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Gandhari: 𐨀𐨁𐨣 (ina)
- → Gujarati: ઋણ (ŕṇa)
- Marathi: ऋण (ruṇ)
- Pali: iṇa
- → Tamil: இரணம் (iraṇam), இருணம் (iruṇam), ரணம் (raṇam)
Adjective
ऋण • (ṛṇá)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ऋणः (ṛṇáḥ) | ऋणौ (ṛṇaú) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹) |
ऋणाः (ṛṇā́ḥ) ऋणासः¹ (ṛṇā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | ऋणम् (ṛṇám) | ऋणौ (ṛṇaú) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹) |
ऋणान् (ṛṇā́n) |
| instrumental | ऋणेन (ṛṇéna) | ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणैः (ṛṇaíḥ) ऋणेभिः¹ (ṛṇébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | ऋणाय (ṛṇā́ya) | ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | ऋणात् (ṛṇā́t) | ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | ऋणस्य (ṛṇásya) | ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ) | ऋणानाम् (ṛṇā́nām) |
| locative | ऋणे (ṛṇé) | ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ) | ऋणेषु (ṛṇéṣu) |
| vocative | ऋण (ṛ́ṇa) | ऋणौ (ṛ́ṇau) ऋणा¹ (ṛ́ṇā¹) |
ऋणाः (ṛ́ṇāḥ) ऋणासः¹ (ṛ́ṇāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ऋणा (ṛṇā́) | ऋणे (ṛṇé) | ऋणाः (ṛṇā́ḥ) |
| accusative | ऋणाम् (ṛṇā́m) | ऋणे (ṛṇé) | ऋणाः (ṛṇā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | ऋणया (ṛṇáyā) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹) |
ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणाभिः (ṛṇā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | ऋणायै (ṛṇā́yai) | ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणाभ्यः (ṛṇā́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | ऋणायाः (ṛṇā́yāḥ) ऋणायै² (ṛṇā́yai²) |
ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणाभ्यः (ṛṇā́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | ऋणायाः (ṛṇā́yāḥ) ऋणायै² (ṛṇā́yai²) |
ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ) | ऋणानाम् (ṛṇā́nām) |
| locative | ऋणायाम् (ṛṇā́yām) | ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ) | ऋणासु (ṛṇā́su) |
| vocative | ऋणे (ṛ́ṇe) | ऋणे (ṛ́ṇe) | ऋणाः (ṛ́ṇāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ऋणम् (ṛṇám) | ऋणे (ṛṇé) | ऋणानि (ṛṇā́ni) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹) |
| accusative | ऋणम् (ṛṇám) | ऋणे (ṛṇé) | ऋणानि (ṛṇā́ni) ऋणा¹ (ṛṇā́¹) |
| instrumental | ऋणेन (ṛṇéna) | ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणैः (ṛṇaíḥ) ऋणेभिः¹ (ṛṇébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | ऋणाय (ṛṇā́ya) | ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | ऋणात् (ṛṇā́t) | ऋणाभ्याम् (ṛṇā́bhyām) | ऋणेभ्यः (ṛṇébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | ऋणस्य (ṛṇásya) | ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ) | ऋणानाम् (ṛṇā́nām) |
| locative | ऋणे (ṛṇé) | ऋणयोः (ṛṇáyoḥ) | ऋणेषु (ṛṇéṣu) |
| vocative | ऋण (ṛ́ṇa) | ऋणे (ṛ́ṇe) | ऋणानि (ṛ́ṇāni) ऋणा¹ (ṛ́ṇā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “ऋण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 225/3.
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 425
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 254