छुनु
Nepali
Etymology
Inherited from Prakrit 𑀙𑀼𑀯𑀇 (chuvaï), from Sanskrit छुपति (chupati).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [t͡sʰunu]
- Phonetic Devanagari: छुनु
Verb
छुनु • (chunu)
- to touch
- to affect, influence
- to criticize
- to have sexual relations with
- to pollute, defile (by touching)
Conjugation
Conjugation of छुनु [t͡sʰunu]
| Information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary stem | छु- [t͡sʰu-] | |||
| Secondary stem | छो- [t͡sʰo-] | |||
| Conjugation type | 3rd conjugation: vowel-ending stem, irregular. | |||
| Non-finite forms | ||||
| Infinitives | छुनु [t͡sʰunu] छुन [t͡sʰunʌ] | |||
| Participles | Affirmative (+) | Negative (–) | ||
| Conjunctive | छोएर [t͡sʰoeɾʌ] छोई [t͡sʰoi] छोईकन [t͡sʰoikʌnʌ] |
नछोएर [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoeɾʌ] नछोई [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoi] नछोईकन [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoikʌnʌ] | ||
| 1st Perfect | m. sing. | छोएको [t͡sʰoeko] | नछोएको [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoeko] | |
| f. sing. | छोएकी [t͡sʰoeki] | नछोएकी [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoeki] | ||
| pl. | छोएका [t͡sʰoekä] | नछोएका [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoekä] | ||
| high-resp. | छुनुभएको [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌeko] | नछुनुभएको [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌeko] | ||
| 2nd Perfect | normal | छोए [t͡sʰoe] | नछोए [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoe] | |
| high-resp. | छुनुभए [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌe] | नछुनुभए [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌe] | ||
| Imperfect | normal | छुदा [t͡sʰud̪ä] छुदै [t͡sʰud̪ʌi̯] छुदो [t͡sʰud̪o] |
नछुदा [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰud̪ä] नछुदै [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰud̪ʌi̯] नछुदो [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰud̪o] | |
| high-resp. | छुनुहुँदा [t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ä] छुनुहुँदै [t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ʌi̯] छुनुहुँदो [t͡sʰunuɦũd̪o] |
नछुनुहुँदा [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ä] नछुनुहुँदै [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ʌi̯] नछुनुहुँदो [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦũd̪o] | ||
| Infinitival | normal | छुने [t͡sʰune] | नछुने [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰune] | |
| high-resp. | छुनुहुने [t͡sʰunuɦune] | नछुनुहुने [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦune] | ||
| Absolutive | छोइ [t͡sʰoi] | |||
| Finite forms of छुनु [t͡sʰunu] | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 2nd & 3rd | |||||||||||
| Pronoun | म SING. |
हामी PL. |
तँ LOW-RESP. SING. |
तिमी MID-RESP. |
ऊ LOW-RESP. SING. |
उनी MID-RESP. |
तपाईं / ऊहाँ HIGH-RESP. | ||||||||
| m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | ||||
| Present | + | छुन्छु [t͡sʰunt͡sʰu] |
छुन्छौं [t͡sʰunt͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] |
छुन्छस् [t͡sʰunt͡sʰʌs] |
छुन्छेस् [t͡sʰunt͡sʰes] |
छुन्छौ [t͡sʰunt͡sʰʌu̯] |
छुन्छ्यौ [t͡sʰunt͡sʰeu̯] |
छुन्छ [t͡sʰunt͡sʰʌʌ] |
छुन्छे [t͡sʰunt͡sʰe] |
छुन्छन् [t͡sʰunt͡sʰʌn] |
छुन्छिन् [t͡sʰunt͡sʰin] |
छुनुहुन्छ [t͡sʰunuɦunt͡sʰʌ] | |||
| – | छुँदिनँ [t͡sʰũd̪inʌ̃] |
छुँदैनौं [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯] |
छुँदैनस् [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌs] |
छुँदिनेस् [t͡sʰũd̪ines] |
छुँदैनौ [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌu̯] |
छुँदिनौ [t͡sʰũd̪inʌu̯] |
छुँदैन [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌ] |
छुँदिने [t͡sʰũd̪ine] |
छुँदैनन् [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌn] |
छुँदिनन् [t͡sʰũd̪inʌn] |
छुनुहुँदैन [t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌ] | ||||
| छुन्नँ [t͡sʰunnʌ̃] |
छुन्नौं [t͡sʰunnʌ̃ũ̯] |
छुन्नस् [t͡sʰunnʌs] |
छुन्नौ [t͡sʰunnʌu̯] |
छुन्न [t͡sʰunnʌ] |
छुन्नन् [t͡sʰunnʌn] |
छुनुहुन्न [t͡sʰunuɦunnʌ] | |||||||||
| Past | Simple | + | छोएं [t͡sʰoẽ] |
छोयौं [t͡sʰoẽũ̯] |
छोइस् [t͡sʰois] |
छोयौ [t͡sʰoeu̯] |
छोयो [t͡sʰojo] |
छोई [t͡sʰoi] |
छोए [t͡sʰoe] |
छोइन् [t͡sʰoin] |
छुनुभयो [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌjo] | ||||
| – | छोइनँ [t͡sʰoinʌ̃] |
छोएनौं [t͡sʰoenʌ̃ũ̯] |
छोएनस् [t͡sʰoenʌs] |
छोइनेस् [t͡sʰoines] |
छोएनौ [t͡sʰoenʌu̯] |
छोएन [t͡sʰoenʌ] |
छोइने [t͡sʰoine] |
छोएनन् [t͡sʰoenʌn] |
छोइनन् [t͡sʰoinʌn] |
छुनुभएन [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌenʌ] | |||||
| Habitual | + | छुन्थें [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰẽ] |
छुन्थ्यौं [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰẽũ̯] |
छुन्थिस् [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰis] |
छुन्थ्यौ [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰeu̯] |
छुन्थ्यो [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰjo] |
छुन्थी [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰi] |
छुन्थे [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰe] |
छुन्थिन् [t͡sʰun̪t̪ʰin] |
छुनुहुन्थ्यो [t͡sʰunuɦun̪t̪ʰjo] | |||||
| – | छुँदिनथें [t͡sʰũd̪inʌt̪ʰẽ] |
छुँदैनथ्यौं [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰẽũ̯] |
छुँदैनथिस् [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰis] |
छुँदिनथिस् [t͡sʰũd̪inʌt̪ʰis] |
छुँदैनथ्यौ [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰeu̯] |
छुँदिनथ्यौ [t͡sʰũd̪inʌt̪ʰeu̯] |
छुँदैनथ्यो [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰjo] |
छुँदैनथी [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰi] |
छुँदैनथे [t͡sʰũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰe] |
छुँदिनथिन् [t͡sʰũd̪inʌt̪ʰin] |
छुनुहुँदैनथ्यो [t͡sʰunuɦũd̪ʌi̯nʌt̪ʰjo] | ||||
| छुन्नथें [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰẽ] |
छुन्नथ्यौं [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰẽũ̯] |
छुन्नथिस् [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰis] |
छुन्नथ्यौ [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰeu̯] |
छुन्नथ्यो [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰjo] |
छुन्नथी [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰi] |
छुन्नथे [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰe] |
छुन्नथिन् [t͡sʰunnʌt̪ʰin] |
छुनुहुन्नथ्यो [t͡sʰunuɦunnʌt̪ʰjo] | |||||||
| Unknown | + | छोएछु [t͡sʰoet͡sʰu] |
छोइछु [t͡sʰoit͡sʰu] |
छोएछौं [t͡sʰoet͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] |
छोएछस् [t͡sʰoet͡sʰʌs] |
छोइछेस् [t͡sʰoit͡sʰes] |
छोएछौ [t͡sʰoet͡sʰʌu̯] |
छोएछ [t͡sʰoet͡sʰʌ] |
छोइछे [t͡sʰoit͡sʰe] |
छोएछन् [t͡sʰoet͡sʰʌn] |
छोइछिन् [t͡sʰoit͡sʰin] |
छुनुभएछ [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌet͡sʰʌ] | |||
| – | छोएनछु [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰu] |
छोइनछु [t͡sʰoinʌt͡sʰu] |
छोएनछौं [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] |
छोएनछस् [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰʌs] |
छोइनछेस् [t͡sʰoinʌt͡sʰes] |
छोएनछौ [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰʌu̯] |
छोएनछ [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰʌ] |
छोइनछे [t͡sʰoinʌt͡sʰe] |
छोएनछन् [t͡sʰoenʌt͡sʰʌn] |
छोइनछिन् [t͡sʰoinʌt͡sʰin] |
छुनुभएनछ [t͡sʰunu ͜ bʱʌenʌt͡sʰʌ] | ||||
| Future | Definite | + | छुनेछु [t͡sʰunet͡sʰu] |
छुनेछौं [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌ̃ũ̯] |
छुनेछस् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌs] |
छुनेछेस् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰes] |
छुनेछौ [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌu̯] |
छुनेछ्यौ [t͡sʰunet͡sʰeu̯] |
छुनेछ [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌ] |
छुनेछे [t͡sʰunet͡sʰe] |
छुनेछन् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌn] |
छुनेछिन् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰin] |
छुनुहुनेछ [t͡sʰunuɦunet͡sʰʌ] | ||
| – | छुनेछैनँ [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃] |
छुनेछैनौं [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ̃ũ̯] |
छुनेछैनस् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌs] |
छुनेछैनेस् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nes] |
छुनेछैनौ [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌu̯] |
छुनेछैन [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ] |
छुनेछैनन् [t͡sʰunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌn] |
छुनुहुनेछैन [t͡sʰunuɦunet͡sʰʌi̯nʌ] | |||||||
| Indefinite | + | छोउँला [t͡sʰoũlä] |
छोउँली [t͡sʰoũli] |
छोऔंला [t͡sʰoʌ̃ũ̯lä] |
छोलास् [t͡sʰoläs] |
छोलिस् [t͡sʰolis] |
छोऔला, छोलाउ [t͡sʰoʌu̯lä, t͡sʰoläu̯] |
छोऔली, छोलेउ [t͡sʰoʌu̯li, t͡sʰoleu̯] |
छोला [t͡sʰolä] |
छोली [t͡sʰoli] |
छोलान्, छोनन् [t͡sʰolän, t͡sʰonʌn] |
छोलिन्, छोनिन् [t͡sʰolin, t͡sʰonin] |
छुनुहोला [t͡sʰunuɦolä] | ||
| – | छोओइनँ [t͡sʰooi̯nʌ̃] |
छोओइनौं [t͡sʰooi̯nʌ̃ũ̯] |
छोओइनस् [t͡sʰooi̯nʌs] |
छोओइनौ [t͡sʰooi̯nʌu̯] |
छोओइन [t͡sʰooi̯nʌ] |
छोओइनन् [t͡sʰooi̯nʌn] |
छुनुहोओइन [t͡sʰunuɦooi̯nʌ] | ||||||||
| नछोउँला [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoũlä] |
नछोउँली [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoũli] |
नछोऔंला [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoʌ̃ũ̯lä] |
नछोलास् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoläs] |
नछोलिस् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰolis] |
नछोऔला, नछोलाउ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoʌu̯lä, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoläu̯] |
नछोऔली, नछोलेउ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoʌu̯li, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoleu̯] |
नछोला [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰolä] |
नछोली [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoli] |
नछोलान्, नछोनन् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰolän, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰonʌn] |
नछोलिन्, नछोनिन् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰolin, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰonin] |
नछुनुहोला [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦolä] | ||||
| Injunctive | + | छोऊँ [t͡sʰoũ] |
छोऔं, छोऊँ [t͡sʰoʌ̃ũ̯, t͡sʰoũ] |
छो, छोएस्, छोए [t͡sʰo, t͡sʰoes, t͡sʰoe] |
छोऊ, छोओ, छोए [t͡sʰou, t͡sʰoo, t͡sʰoe] |
छोओस् [t͡sʰoos] |
छोऊन् [t͡sʰoun] |
छुनुहोओस् [t͡sʰunuɦoos] | |||||||
| – | नछोऊँ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoũ] |
नछोऔं, नछोऊँ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoʌ̃ũ̯, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoũ] |
नछो, नछोएस्, नछोए [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰo, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoes, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoe] |
नछोऊ, नछोओ, नछोए [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰou, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoo, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoe] |
नछोओस् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoos] |
नछोऊन् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoun] |
नछुनुहोओस् [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰunuɦoos] | ||||||||
| Imperative | + | — | — | छो [t͡sʰo] |
छोऊ, छोओ [t͡sʰou, t͡sʰoo] |
— | — | छुनुहोस्, छुनोस् [t͡sʰunuɦos, t͡sʰunos] | |||||||
| – | — | — | नछो [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰo] |
नछोऊ, नछोओ [nʌ ͜ t͡sʰou, nʌ ͜ t͡sʰoo] |
— | — | नछुनुहोस्, नछुनोस् [nʌt͡sʰunuɦos, nʌt͡sʰunos] | ||||||||
References
- Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “छुनु”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar