जड
Konkani
Etymology
Inherited from Sanskrit जड (jaḍa).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [d͡zəɖ]
Adjective
जड • (jaḍ) (Latin script zodd, Kannada script ಜಡ್)
Marathi
Etymology
Inherited from Old Marathi 𑘕𑘚 (jaḍa), from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀚𑀟 (jaḍa), from Sanskrit जड (jaḍa). Related to जाड (jāḍ), जाडे (jāḍe, “thick, stout, fat”). Compare Gujarati જડ (jaḍ), Hindustani جَڑ (jaṛ) / जड़ (jaṛ), Sindhi جَڙُ (jaṛu) / जड़ु (jaṛu), Odia ଜଡ଼ (jaṛa), Bengali জড় (joṛ).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡zəɖ/
Adjective
जड • (j̈aḍ)
- heavy
- sluggish
- जीभ जड होणे ― jībh j̈aḍ hoṇe ― to have unclear articulation (literally, “tongue to become sluggish”)
- difficult
- जड जाणे ― j̈aḍ j̈āṇe ― to be difficult (literally, “to go difficult”)
- (of water) hard (with a high concentration of dissolved minerals)
- जड पाणी ― j̈aḍ pāṇī ― hard water
- inanimate
Derived terms
- अवजड (avj̈aḍ)
- बोजड (boj̈aḍ)
Further reading
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “जड”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
- Raeside, Ian Matthew Paton, Nemade, Bhalchandra Vanaji (1991) Marathi Reading Course, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, page 188
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “जड”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
- दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “जड”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ)
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jaḍa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- জড (Assamese script)
- ᬚᬟ (Balinese script)
- জড (Bengali script)
- 𑰕𑰚 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀚𑀟 (Brahmi script)
- ဇဍ (Burmese script)
- જડ (Gujarati script)
- ਜਡ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌜𑌡 (Grantha script)
- ꦗꦝ (Javanese script)
- 𑂔𑂙 (Kaithi script)
- ಜಡ (Kannada script)
- ជឌ (Khmer script)
- ຊຑ (Lao script)
- ജഡ (Malayalam script)
- ᡯᠠᡷᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘕𑘚 (Modi script)
- ᠽᠠᢎᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦵𑦺 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐖𑐜 (Newa script)
- ଜଡ (Odia script)
- ꢙꢞ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆘𑆝 (Sharada script)
- 𑖕𑖚 (Siddham script)
- ජඩ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩣𑩨 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚑𑚖 (Takri script)
- ஜட³ (Tamil script)
- జడ (Telugu script)
- ชฑ (Thai script)
- ཛ་ཌ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒖𑒛 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨥𑨖 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Uncertain.
- According to Turner, probably of substrate origin.
- According to proponents of Fortunatov's law, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gel-d-os via Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́alḍás. In this case, related to Vedic जळ्हु (jáḷhu, “dull”), जल् (jal, “to be stiff or dull”), and cognate with English cold and Latin gelidus.
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /d͡ʑɐ.ɖɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /d͡ʑɐ.ɖɐ/
Adjective
जड • (jaḍá) stem
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | जडः (jaḍáḥ) | जडौ (jaḍaú) जडा¹ (jaḍā́¹) |
जडाः (jaḍā́ḥ) जडासः¹ (jaḍā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | जडम् (jaḍám) | जडौ (jaḍaú) जडा¹ (jaḍā́¹) |
जडान् (jaḍā́n) |
| instrumental | जडेन (jaḍéna) | जडाभ्याम् (jaḍā́bhyām) | जडैः (jaḍaíḥ) जडेभिः¹ (jaḍébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | जडाय (jaḍā́ya) | जडाभ्याम् (jaḍā́bhyām) | जडेभ्यः (jaḍébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | जडात् (jaḍā́t) | जडाभ्याम् (jaḍā́bhyām) | जडेभ्यः (jaḍébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | जडस्य (jaḍásya) | जडयोः (jaḍáyoḥ) | जडानाम् (jaḍā́nām) |
| locative | जडे (jaḍé) | जडयोः (jaḍáyoḥ) | जडेषु (jaḍéṣu) |
| vocative | जड (jáḍa) | जडौ (jáḍau) जडा¹ (jáḍā¹) |
जडाः (jáḍāḥ) जडासः¹ (jáḍāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | जडा (jaḍā́) | जडे (jaḍé) | जडाः (jaḍā́ḥ) |
| accusative | जडाम् (jaḍā́m) | जडे (jaḍé) | जडाः (jaḍā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | जडया (jaḍáyā) जडा¹ (jaḍā́¹) |
जडाभ्याम् (jaḍā́bhyām) | जडाभिः (jaḍā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | जडायै (jaḍā́yai) | जडाभ्याम् (jaḍā́bhyām) | जडाभ्यः (jaḍā́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | जडायाः (jaḍā́yāḥ) जडायै² (jaḍā́yai²) |
जडाभ्याम् (jaḍā́bhyām) | जडाभ्यः (jaḍā́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | जडायाः (jaḍā́yāḥ) जडायै² (jaḍā́yai²) |
जडयोः (jaḍáyoḥ) | जडानाम् (jaḍā́nām) |
| locative | जडायाम् (jaḍā́yām) | जडयोः (jaḍáyoḥ) | जडासु (jaḍā́su) |
| vocative | जडे (jáḍe) | जडे (jáḍe) | जडाः (jáḍāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | जडम् (jaḍám) | जडे (jaḍé) | जडानि (jaḍā́ni) जडा¹ (jaḍā́¹) |
| accusative | जडम् (jaḍám) | जडे (jaḍé) | जडानि (jaḍā́ni) जडा¹ (jaḍā́¹) |
| instrumental | जडेन (jaḍéna) | जडाभ्याम् (jaḍā́bhyām) | जडैः (jaḍaíḥ) जडेभिः¹ (jaḍébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | जडाय (jaḍā́ya) | जडाभ्याम् (jaḍā́bhyām) | जडेभ्यः (jaḍébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | जडात् (jaḍā́t) | जडाभ्याम् (jaḍā́bhyām) | जडेभ्यः (jaḍébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | जडस्य (jaḍásya) | जडयोः (jaḍáyoḥ) | जडानाम् (jaḍā́nām) |
| locative | जडे (jaḍé) | जडयोः (jaḍáyoḥ) | जडेषु (jaḍéṣu) |
| vocative | जड (jáḍa) | जडे (jáḍe) | जडानि (jáḍāni) जडा¹ (jáḍā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
- अजड (ajaḍa)
- जडता (jaḍatā)
- जडत्व (jaḍatva)
- जडभाव (jaḍabhāva)
- जडयति (jaḍayati, “makes without feeling for, renders weak”)
- जाड्य (jāḍya, “coldness”, Vṛddhi derivative)
Descendants
- Pali: jaḷa (“dull, stupid”)
- Prakrit: 𑀚𑀟 (jaḍa, “lifeless, foolish, cold”), 𑀚𑀮 n (jala, “coldness”), 𑀚𑀟𑁆𑀟 (jaḍḍa, “weak”)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “जड”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 409.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jaḍa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press