मर्कट
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- মৰ্কট (Assamese script)
- ᬫᬃᬓᬝ (Balinese script)
- মর্কট (Bengali script)
- 𑰦𑰨𑰿𑰎𑰘 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀫𑀭𑁆𑀓𑀝 (Brahmi script)
- မရ်္ကဋ (Burmese script)
- મર્કટ (Gujarati script)
- ਮਰ੍ਕਟ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌮𑌰𑍍𑌕𑌟 (Grantha script)
- ꦩꦂꦏꦛ (Javanese script)
- 𑂧𑂩𑂹𑂍𑂗 (Kaithi script)
- ಮರ್ಕಟ (Kannada script)
- មក៌ដ (Khmer script)
- ມຣ຺ກຏ (Lao script)
- മര്കട (Malayalam script)
- ᠮᠠᡵᡬᠠᢞᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘦𑘨𑘿𑘎𑘘 (Modi script)
- ᠮᠠᠷᢉᠠᢌᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧆𑧈𑧠𑦮𑦸 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐩𑐬𑑂𑐎𑐚 (Newa script)
- ମର୍କଟ (Odia script)
- ꢪꢬ꣄ꢒꢜ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆩𑆫𑇀𑆑𑆛 (Sharada script)
- 𑖦𑖨𑖿𑖎𑖘 (Siddham script)
- මර්කට (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩴𑩼 𑪙𑩜𑩦 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚢𑚤𑚶𑚊𑚔 (Takri script)
- மர்கட (Tamil script)
- మర్కట (Telugu script)
- มรฺกฏ (Thai script)
- མ་རྐ་ཊ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒧𑒩𑓂𑒏𑒙 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨢𑨫𑩇𑨋𑨔 (Zanabazar Square script)
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /mɐɾ.kɐ́.ʈɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /mɐɾ.kɐ.ʈɐ/
Etymology 1
Etymology tree
Sanskrit मर्क (marka)?
Sanskrit -ट (-ṭa)?
Sanskrit म॒र्कट॑ (markáṭa)
Uncertain.[1][2] Compare मर्क (marka, “monkey”).
- Burrow and Gundert take the word as borrowed from Dravidian; compare Malayalam മൊങ്ങ (moṅṅa), Kannada ಮಂಗ (maṅga, “ape”).[3] Per Turner, this implies extension मर्क (marka) + -ट (-ṭa).[4] Mayrhofer is not entirely convinced.
- Subrahmanyam considers it to be a compound mar-kaṭa with the initial being from Proto-Dravidian *maran (“tree”) and latter possibly from Tamil கட (kaṭa, “cross”), which the original meaning of "one living on trees".[5]
- Kuiper proposes a prefixed form of a Munda term that also gave rise to किट (kiṭa, “a kind of ape”).
- Similarities to Old Chinese 沐猴 (OC *moːɡ ɡoː, “macaque”) / 母猴 (OC *mɯʔ ɡoː, “female monkey”) have also been noted, with the ultimate source language perhaps lost to history.
- Finally, some have connected the word to German Meerkatze (“guenon (a kind of monkey)”) and English meerkat; note however the form of Old High German merikazza, so any influence from Indo-Aryan would have to be exceptionally early.
The "type of bird" meaning listed by lexicographers is probably from a misinterpretation of the "monkey" meaning.
Noun
म॒र्कट॑ • (markáṭa) stem, m
- a monkey, ape
- adjutant, Indian crane (Leptoptilos)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | मर्कटः (markáṭaḥ) | मर्कटौ (markáṭau) मर्कटा¹ (markáṭā¹) |
मर्कटाः (markáṭāḥ) मर्कटासः¹ (markáṭāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | मर्कटम् (markáṭam) | मर्कटौ (markáṭau) मर्कटा¹ (markáṭā¹) |
मर्कटान् (markáṭān) |
| instrumental | मर्कटेन (markáṭena) | मर्कटाभ्याम् (markáṭābhyām) | मर्कटैः (markáṭaiḥ) मर्कटेभिः¹ (markáṭebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | मर्कटाय (markáṭāya) | मर्कटाभ्याम् (markáṭābhyām) | मर्कटेभ्यः (markáṭebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | मर्कटात् (markáṭāt) | मर्कटाभ्याम् (markáṭābhyām) | मर्कटेभ्यः (markáṭebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | मर्कटस्य (markáṭasya) | मर्कटयोः (markáṭayoḥ) | मर्कटानाम् (markáṭānām) |
| locative | मर्कटे (markáṭe) | मर्कटयोः (markáṭayoḥ) | मर्कटेषु (markáṭeṣu) |
| vocative | मर्कट (márkaṭa) | मर्कटौ (márkaṭau) मर्कटा¹ (márkaṭā¹) |
मर्कटाः (márkaṭāḥ) मर्कटासः¹ (márkaṭāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Dameli: makẉui, [script needed] (makäŕ)
- Kalami: [script needed] (makīr)
- Kalasha: [script needed] (mŕāko), [script needed] (makŕṓŕyak)
- Khowar: [script needed] (mukuḷ)
- Northeast Pashayi: [script needed] (makṓṛ)
- Phalura: máakaṛ
- Prakrit: 𑀫𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟 (makkaḍa), 𑀫𑀁𑀓𑀟 (maṃkaḍa) (see there for further descendants)
- Borrowed terms
- → Khotanese: makala
- → Nuristani:
- Kamkata-viri: [script needed] (makeŕ)
- Kamviri: [script needed] (māgŕə̃)
- Waigali: [Term?] (mákäŕ)
- → Sogdian: [script needed] (mkrʾ)
Etymology 2
Uncertain.[6][7] Not related to Etymology 1 above.
- Kuiper proposes a prefixed form of a Munda word of the form *कोडिक (*koḍika), whose form has been preserved in कोलिक (kolika, “weaver; spider”) and मत्कोटक (matkoṭaka, “spider”) (whence Prakrit 𑀫𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁄𑀟𑀸 (makkoḍā)).[8]
- Turner compares the word to मत्कोटक (matkoṭaka) and मत्कुण (matkuṇa, “bedbug”).[9] He mentions Kuiper's proposal but is noncommital.[10]
Noun
मर्कट • (markaṭa) stem, m
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | मर्कटः (markaṭaḥ) | मर्कटौ (markaṭau) मर्कटा¹ (markaṭā¹) |
मर्कटाः (markaṭāḥ) मर्कटासः¹ (markaṭāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | मर्कटम् (markaṭam) | मर्कटौ (markaṭau) मर्कटा¹ (markaṭā¹) |
मर्कटान् (markaṭān) |
| instrumental | मर्कटेन (markaṭena) | मर्कटाभ्याम् (markaṭābhyām) | मर्कटैः (markaṭaiḥ) मर्कटेभिः¹ (markaṭebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | मर्कटाय (markaṭāya) | मर्कटाभ्याम् (markaṭābhyām) | मर्कटेभ्यः (markaṭebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | मर्कटात् (markaṭāt) | मर्कटाभ्याम् (markaṭābhyām) | मर्कटेभ्यः (markaṭebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | मर्कटस्य (markaṭasya) | मर्कटयोः (markaṭayoḥ) | मर्कटानाम् (markaṭānām) |
| locative | मर्कटे (markaṭe) | मर्कटयोः (markaṭayoḥ) | मर्कटेषु (markaṭeṣu) |
| vocative | मर्कट (markaṭa) | मर्कटौ (markaṭau) मर्कटा¹ (markaṭā¹) |
मर्कटाः (markaṭāḥ) मर्कटासः¹ (markaṭāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Prakrit: 𑀫𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀟 (makkaḍa), 𑀫𑀁𑀓𑀟 (maṃkaḍa) (see there for further descendants)
- Pali: makkaṭa
- → Lü: ᦙᦅᦎ (mkṫ)
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) “markáṭaḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 592-593
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “markáṭa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 322-323
- ^ Burrow, T[homas] (1948) “Dravidian Studies VII: Further Dravidian words in Sanskrit”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London[3], volume 12, number 2, page 389 of 365–396
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “markáṭa¹”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 568
- ^ Subrahmanyam, P.S. (2011) “145”, in A Supplement to Dravidian etymological dictionary, Chennai : Central Institute of Classical Tamil.
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “kolikaḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][4] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 273
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) “markaṭa”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][5] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 390-391
- ^ Kuiper, F. B. J. (1948) Proto-Munda Words In Sanskrit[6], Amsterdam: N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij, page 47
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “markaṭa²”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 568
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kōlika”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 183
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899) “मर्क्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 791, column 1.
- Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “मर्कट”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan