मुख
Garhwali
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit मुख (mukha).
Noun
मुख (mukh) m
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit मुख (mukha). Doublet of मुँह (mũh), a tadbhava.
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /mʊkʰ/
Noun
मुख • (mukh) m (Urdu spelling مکھ)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | मुख mukh |
मुख mukh |
| oblique | मुख mukh |
मुखों mukhõ |
| vocative | मुख mukh |
मुखो mukho |
Synonyms
Derived terms
Marathi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit मुख (múkha, “mouth, face, visage”). First attested as Old Marathi 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /mukʰ/, [muːkʰ]
Noun
मुख • (mukh) n
Declension
| Declension of मुख (neut cons-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| direct singular |
मुख mukh | ||
| direct plural |
मुखे, मुखं mukhe, mukha | ||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
| nominative प्रथमा |
मुख mukh |
मुखे, मुखं mukhe, mukha | |
| oblique सामान्यरूप |
मुखा mukhā |
मुखां- mukhān- | |
| acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
मुखाला mukhālā |
मुखांना mukhānnā | |
| ergative | मुखाने, मुखानं mukhāne, mukhāna |
मुखांनी mukhānnī | |
| instrumental | मुखाशी mukhāśī |
मुखांशी mukhānśī | |
| locative सप्तमी |
मुखात mukhāt |
मुखांत mukhāt | |
| vocative संबोधन |
मुखा mukhā |
मुखांनो mukhānno | |
| Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. | |||
| Genitive declension of मुख (neut cons-stem) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
| singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
मुखाचा mukhāċā |
मुखाचे mukhāċe |
मुखाची mukhācī |
मुखाच्या mukhācā |
मुखाचे, मुखाचं mukhāċe, mukhāċa |
मुखाची mukhācī |
मुखाच्या mukhācā | |
| plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
मुखांचा mukhānċā |
मुखांचे mukhānċe |
मुखांची mukhāñcī |
मुखांच्या mukhāncā |
मुखांचे, मुखांचं mukhānċe, mukhānċa |
मुखांची mukhāñcī |
मुखांच्या mukhāñcā | |
| * Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. | ||||||||
References
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “मुख”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “मुख”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
- Shridhar Ganesh Vaze (1911) “मुख”, in The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press
Nepali
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit मुख (mukha).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [muk̞ʰ]
- Phonetic Devanagari: मुख्
Noun
मुख • (mukh)
Old Marathi
Noun
मुख (mukha) n
- Devanagari script form of 𑘦𑘳𑘏
Pali
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
Noun
मुख n
- Devanagari script form of mukha
Declension
Declension table of "मुख" (neuter)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | मुखं (mukhaṃ) | मुखानि (mukhāni) |
| Accusative (second) | मुखं (mukhaṃ) | मुखानि (mukhāni) |
| Instrumental (third) | मुखेन (mukhena) | मुखेहि (mukhehi) or मुखेभि (mukhebhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | मुखस्स (mukhassa) or मुखाय (mukhāya) or मुखत्थं (mukhatthaṃ) | मुखानं (mukhānaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | मुखस्मा (mukhasmā) or मुखम्हा (mukhamhā) or मुखा (mukhā) | मुखेहि (mukhehi) or मुखेभि (mukhebhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | मुखस्स (mukhassa) | मुखानं (mukhānaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | मुखस्मिं (mukhasmiṃ) or मुखम्हि (mukhamhi) or मुखे (mukhe) | मुखेसु (mukhesu) |
| Vocative (calling) | मुख (mukha) | मुखानि (mukhāni) |
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- মুখ (Assamese script)
- ᬫᬸᬔ (Balinese script)
- মুখ (Bengali script)
- 𑰦𑰲𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀫𑀼𑀔 (Brahmi script)
- မုခ (Burmese script)
- મુખ (Gujarati script)
- ਮੁਖ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌮𑍁𑌖 (Grantha script)
- ꦩꦸꦑ (Javanese script)
- 𑂧𑂳𑂎 (Kaithi script)
- ಮುಖ (Kannada script)
- មុខ (Khmer script)
- ມຸຂ (Lao script)
- മുഖ (Malayalam script)
- ᠮᡠᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (Modi script)
- ᠮᠤᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧆𑧔𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐩𑐸𑐏 (Newa script)
- ମୁଖ (Odia script)
- ꢪꢸꢓ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆩𑆶𑆒 (Sharada script)
- 𑖦𑖲𑖏 (Siddham script)
- මුඛ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩴𑩒𑩝 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚢𑚰𑚋 (Takri script)
- முக² (Tamil script)
- ముఖ (Telugu script)
- มุข (Thai script)
- མུ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒧𑒳𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨢𑨃𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam
Sanskrit मुख॑ (múkha)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *múkʰam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *múkʰam, from earlier *múkHam, with further origin uncertain.
According to Pokorny, ultimately from Dravidian and not related to Proto-Indo-European *mū- (“lips, muzzle”) (Proto-Germanic *mūlō, English mutter, Latin muttiō).
However, Mayrhofer considers an Indo-European derivation to be more likely, taking Proto-Indo-European *mu- to mean "a vocal gesture for pressed lips", and compares Ancient Greek μῠχός (mŭkhós, “innermost part of a place”), μῦθος (mûthos, “word”), and German Maul (“mouth (of an animal)”). According to him, the possibility of a borrowing from Dravidian (compare Tamil முகம் (mukam, “face”)) or "pan-Asiatic" is possible but unlikely due to the root's presence in Vedic texts and Iranian languages.
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /mú.kʰɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /mu.kʰɐ/
Noun
मुख॑ • (múkha) stem, n
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | मुखम् (múkham) | मुखे (múkhe) | मुखानि (múkhāni) मुखा¹ (múkhā¹) |
| accusative | मुखम् (múkham) | मुखे (múkhe) | मुखानि (múkhāni) मुखा¹ (múkhā¹) |
| instrumental | मुखेन (múkhena) | मुखाभ्याम् (múkhābhyām) | मुखैः (múkhaiḥ) मुखेभिः¹ (múkhebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | मुखाय (múkhāya) | मुखाभ्याम् (múkhābhyām) | मुखेभ्यः (múkhebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | मुखात् (múkhāt) | मुखाभ्याम् (múkhābhyām) | मुखेभ्यः (múkhebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | मुखस्य (múkhasya) | मुखयोः (múkhayoḥ) | मुखानाम् (múkhānām) |
| locative | मुखे (múkhe) | मुखयोः (múkhayoḥ) | मुखेषु (múkheṣu) |
| vocative | मुख (múkha) | मुखे (múkhe) | मुखानि (múkhāni) मुखा¹ (múkhā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Borrowed terms
- → Assamese: মুখ (mukh)
- → Bengali: মুখ (mukh)
- → Gujarati: મુખ (mukh)
- → Hindi: मुख (mukh)
- → Kannada: ಮುಖ (mukha)
- → Khmer: មុខ (muk)
- → Malay: muka
- Indonesian: muka
- → Malayalam: മുഖം (mukhaṁ)
- → Old Marathi: 𑘦𑘳𑘏 (mukha)
- Marathi: मुख (mukh)
- → Nepali: मुख (mukh)
- → Punjabi: ਮੁਖ (mukh)
- → Marwari:
- → Tamil: முகம் (mukam)
- → Tagalog: mukhâ
- → Telugu: ముఖము (mukhamu)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “मुख”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 819/3.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 360
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 648-649
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) “751-52”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 751-52