रात्री
Sanskrit
Alternative forms
- रात्रि (rā́tri) — later variant (see there for further descendants)
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- ৰাত্ৰী (Assamese script)
- ᬭᬵᬢ᭄ᬭᬷ (Balinese script)
- রাত্রী (Bengali script)
- 𑰨𑰯𑰝𑰿𑰨𑰱 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀭𑀸𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀻 (Brahmi script)
- ရာတြီ (Burmese script)
- રાત્રી (Gujarati script)
- ਰਾਤ੍ਰੀ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌰𑌾𑌤𑍍𑌰𑍀 (Grantha script)
- ꦫꦴꦠꦿꦷ (Javanese script)
- 𑂩𑂰𑂞𑂹𑂩𑂲 (Kaithi script)
- ರಾತ್ರೀ (Kannada script)
- រាត្រី (Khmer script)
- ຣາຕ຺ຣີ (Lao script)
- രാത്രീ (Malayalam script)
- ᡵᠠ᠊ᠠᢠᡵᡳᡳ (Manchu script)
- 𑘨𑘰𑘝𑘿𑘨𑘲 (Modi script)
- ᠷᠠᢗᢐᠷᠢᠢ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧈𑧑𑦽𑧠𑧈𑧓 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐬𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐷 (Newa script)
- ରାତ୍ରୀ (Odia script)
- ꢬꢵꢡ꣄ꢬꢷ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆫𑆳𑆠𑇀𑆫𑆵 (Sharada script)
- 𑖨𑖯𑖝𑖿𑖨𑖱 (Siddham script)
- රාත්රී (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩼𑩛𑩫 𑪙𑩼𑩑𑩛 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚤𑚭𑚙𑚶𑚤𑚯 (Takri script)
- ராத்ரீ (Tamil script)
- రాత్రీ (Telugu script)
- ราตฺรี (Thai script)
- རཱ་ཏྲཱི (Tibetan script)
- 𑒩𑒰𑒞𑓂𑒩𑒲 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨫𑨊𑨙𑩇𑨫𑨁𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Etymology tree
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HráHtriH, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁réh₁-trih₂, from the root *h₁reh₁- (“quiet, lonely”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬭𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (rāman, “peace, tranquility”), Proto-Germanic *rōō (“calm, quiet, peace”), whence German Ruhe (“calm, peace, rest”). The Rigveda exclusively uses रात्री (rā́trī) and the term gradually started falling out of use and started being replaced by the variant रात्रि (rā́tri) from the Middle Vedic period onwards. While post-Rigveda Vedic texts use both the variants, Classical Sanskrit only attests रात्रि (rātri).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɾɑ́ːt.ɾiː/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɾɑːt̪.ɾiː/
Noun
रात्री • (rā́trī) stem, f [1][2][3]
- (Vedic) night
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 5.81.4:
- उ॒त या॑सि सवित॒स् त्रीणि॑ रोच॒नोत सूर्य॑स्य र॒श्मिभिः॒ सम् उ॑च्यसि ।
उ॒त रात्री॑म् उभ॒यतः॒ परी॑यस उ॒त मि॒त्रो भ॑वसि देव॒ धर्म॑भिः ॥- utá yāsi savitas trī́ṇi rocanótá sū́ryasya raśmíbhiḥ sám ucyasi.
utá rā́trīm ubhayátaḥ párīyasa utá mitró bhavasi deva dhármabhiḥ. - And you walk, O Savitar, (to) the three luminous spheres, and you cohabit with the rays of the Sun;
Around, on both sides you encompass the night: yea, you, O God, are Mitra through your righteous laws.
- utá yāsi savitas trī́ṇi rocanótá sū́ryasya raśmíbhiḥ sám ucyasi.
- उ॒त या॑सि सवित॒स् त्रीणि॑ रोच॒नोत सूर्य॑स्य र॒श्मिभिः॒ सम् उ॑च्यसि ।
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | रात्री (rā́trī) | रात्र्यौ (rā́tryau) रात्री¹ (rā́trī¹) |
रात्र्यः (rā́tryaḥ) रात्रीः¹ (rā́trīḥ¹) |
| accusative | रात्रीम् (rā́trīm) | रात्र्यौ (rā́tryau) रात्री¹ (rā́trī¹) |
रात्रीः (rā́trīḥ) |
| instrumental | रात्र्या (rā́tryā) | रात्रीभ्याम् (rā́trībhyām) | रात्रीभिः (rā́trībhiḥ) |
| dative | रात्र्यै (rā́tryai) | रात्रीभ्याम् (rā́trībhyām) | रात्रीभ्यः (rā́trībhyaḥ) |
| ablative | रात्र्याः (rā́tryāḥ) रात्र्यै² (rā́tryai²) |
रात्रीभ्याम् (rā́trībhyām) | रात्रीभ्यः (rā́trībhyaḥ) |
| genitive | रात्र्याः (rā́tryāḥ) रात्र्यै² (rā́tryai²) |
रात्र्योः (rā́tryoḥ) | रात्रीणाम् (rā́trīṇām) |
| locative | रात्र्याम् (rā́tryām) | रात्र्योः (rā́tryoḥ) | रात्रीषु (rā́trīṣu) |
| vocative | रात्रि (rā́tri) | रात्र्यौ (rā́tryau) रात्री¹ (rā́trī¹) |
रात्र्यः (rā́tryaḥ) रात्रीः¹ (rā́trīḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “rā́trī”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 447
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “rā́trī-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
- ^ Monier Williams (1899) “रात्री”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 876.