विधवा
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit विधवा (vidhávā).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /ʋɪd̪ʱ.ʋɑː/, [ʋɪd̪ʱ.ʋäː]
Noun
विधवा • (vidhvā) f (Urdu spelling ودھوا)
- widow (a woman whose husband has died)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | विधवा vidhvā |
विधवाएँ vidhvāẽ |
| oblique | विधवा vidhvā |
विधवाओं vidhvāõ |
| vocative | विधवा vidhvā |
विधवाओ vidhvāo |
Marathi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit विधवा (vidhavā).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʋid̪ʱ.ʋa/
- Rhymes: -a
- Hyphenation: विध‧वा
Noun
विधवा • (vidhvā) f (masculine विधुर)
Declension
| Declension of विधवा (fem ā-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| direct singular |
विधवा vidhvā | ||
| direct plural |
विधवा vidhavā | ||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
| nominative प्रथमा |
विधवा vidhvā |
विधवा vidhavā | |
| oblique सामान्यरूप |
विधवे vidhave |
विधवां- vidhavān- | |
| acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
विधवेला vidhavelā |
विधवांना vidhavānnā | |
| ergative | विधवेने, विधवेनं vidhavene, vidhavena |
विधवांनी vidhavānnī | |
| instrumental | विधवेशी vidhaveśī |
विधवांशी vidhavānśī | |
| locative सप्तमी |
विधवेत vidhavet |
विधवांत vidhavāt | |
| vocative संबोधन |
विधवे vidhave |
विधवांनो vidhavānno | |
| Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. | |||
| Genitive declension of विधवा (fem ā-stem) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
| singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
विधवेचा vidhaveċā |
विधवेचे vidhaveċe |
विधवेची vidhavecī |
विधवेच्या vidhavecā |
विधवेचे, विधवेचं vidhaveċe, vidhaveċa |
विधवेची vidhavecī |
विधवेच्या vidhavecā | |
| plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
विधवांचा vidhavānċā |
विधवांचे vidhavānċe |
विधवांची vidhavāñcī |
विधवांच्या vidhavāncā |
विधवांचे, विधवांचं vidhavānċe, vidhavānċa |
विधवांची vidhavāñcī |
विधवांच्या vidhavāñcā | |
| * Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. | ||||||||
Related terms
- वैधव्य (vaidhavya, “widowhood”)
References
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “विधवा”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
Sanskrit
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- ৱিধৱা (Assamese script)
- ᬯᬶᬥᬯᬵ (Balinese script)
- বিধবা (Bengali script)
- 𑰪𑰰𑰠𑰪𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀯𑀺𑀥𑀯𑀸 (Brahmi script)
- ဝိဓဝါ (Burmese script)
- વિધવા (Gujarati script)
- ਵਿਧਵਾ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌵𑌿𑌧𑌵𑌾 (Grantha script)
- ꦮꦶꦣꦮꦴ (Javanese script)
- 𑂫𑂱𑂡𑂫𑂰 (Kaithi script)
- ವಿಧವಾ (Kannada script)
- វិធវា (Khmer script)
- ວິຘວາ (Lao script)
- വിധവാ (Malayalam script)
- ᠸᡳᢡᠠᠸᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
- 𑘪𑘱𑘠𑘪𑘰 (Modi script)
- ᠸᠢᢑᠾᠠᠸᠠ᠋ᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧊𑧒𑧀𑧊𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐰𑐵 (Newa script)
- ଵିଧଵା (Odia script)
- ꢮꢶꢤꢮꢵ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆮𑆴𑆣𑆮𑆳 (Sharada script)
- 𑖪𑖰𑖠𑖪𑖯 (Siddham script)
- විධවා (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩾𑩑𑩮𑩾𑩛 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚦𑚮𑚜𑚦𑚭 (Takri script)
- வித⁴வா (Tamil script)
- విధవా (Telugu script)
- วิธวา (Thai script)
- ཝི་དྷ་ཝཱ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒫𑒱𑒡𑒫𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨭𑨁𑨜𑨭𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwidʰáwaH (“widow”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁widʰéwh₂ (“widow”). Cognate with Latin vidua, Ancient Greek ἠΐθεος (ēḯtheos), Russian вдова (vdova), Old English widuwe (whence English widow).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ʋi.dʱɐ́.ʋɑː/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ʋi.d̪ʱɐ.ʋɑː/
Noun
विधवा • (vidhávā) stem, f
- widow; woman whose husband has died
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.40.2:
- कुह॑ स्विद् दो॒षा कुह॒ वस्तो॑र् अ॒श्विना॒ कुहा॑भिपि॒त्वं क॑रतः॒ कुहो॑षतुः ।
को वां॑ शयु॒त्रा वि॒धवे॑व दे॒वरं॒ मर्यं॒ न योषा॑ कृणुते स॒धस्थ॒ आ ॥- kúha svid doṣā́ kúha vástor aśvínā kúhābhipitváṃ karataḥ kúhoṣatuḥ.
kó vāṃ śayutrā́ vidháveva deváraṃ máryaṃ ná yóṣā kṛṇute sadhástha ā́. - O Ashvins, where are you in the evening and where are you in the morning? Where do you rest and where do you spend the night? Who brings you [homeward] like a widow brings her brother-in-law to the bed and the young lady beckons the young man to the meeting-place?
- kúha svid doṣā́ kúha vástor aśvínā kúhābhipitváṃ karataḥ kúhoṣatuḥ.
- कुह॑ स्विद् दो॒षा कुह॒ वस्तो॑र् अ॒श्विना॒ कुहा॑भिपि॒त्वं क॑रतः॒ कुहो॑षतुः ।
- a country bereft of a king
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | विधवा (vidhávā) | विधवे (vidháve) | विधवाः (vidhávāḥ) |
| accusative | विधवाम् (vidhávām) | विधवे (vidháve) | विधवाः (vidhávāḥ) |
| instrumental | विधवया (vidhávayā) विधवा¹ (vidhávā¹) |
विधवाभ्याम् (vidhávābhyām) | विधवाभिः (vidhávābhiḥ) |
| dative | विधवायै (vidhávāyai) | विधवाभ्याम् (vidhávābhyām) | विधवाभ्यः (vidhávābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | विधवायाः (vidhávāyāḥ) विधवायै² (vidhávāyai²) |
विधवाभ्याम् (vidhávābhyām) | विधवाभ्यः (vidhávābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | विधवायाः (vidhávāyāḥ) विधवायै² (vidhávāyai²) |
विधवयोः (vidhávayoḥ) | विधवानाम् (vidhávānām) |
| locative | विधवायाम् (vidhávāyām) | विधवयोः (vidhávayoḥ) | विधवासु (vidhávāsu) |
| vocative | विधवे (vídhave) | विधवे (vídhave) | विधवाः (vídhavāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
Descendants
- Pali: vidhavā
- Magadhi Prakrit:
- Assamese: বেঁৱা (bẽwa)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀯𑀸 (vihavā)
- → Hindi: विधवा (vidhvā)
- → Kannada: ವಿಧವೆ (vidhave)
- → Khmer: វិធវា (vithĕəʼviə)
- → Malayalam: വിധവ (vidhava)
- → Marathi: विधवा (vidhvā)
- → Tamil: விதவை (vitavai)
- → Telugu: విధవ (vidhava)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “विधवा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0967.