शठ
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- শঠ (Assamese script)
- ᬰᬞ (Balinese script)
- শঠ (Bengali script)
- 𑰫𑰙 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀰𑀞 (Brahmi script)
- ၐဌ (Burmese script)
- શઠ (Gujarati script)
- ਸ਼ਠ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌶𑌠 (Grantha script)
- ꦯꦜ (Javanese script)
- 𑂬𑂘 (Kaithi script)
- ಶಠ (Kannada script)
- ឝឋ (Khmer script)
- ຨຐ (Lao script)
- ശഠ (Malayalam script)
- ᡧᠠᡱᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘫𑘙 (Modi script)
- ᠱᠠᢍᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧋𑦹 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐱𑐛 (Newa script)
- ଶଠ (Odia script)
- ꢯꢝ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆯𑆜 (Sharada script)
- 𑖫𑖙 (Siddham script)
- ශඨ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩿𑩧 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚧𑚕 (Takri script)
- ஶட² (Tamil script)
- శఠ (Telugu script)
- ศฐ (Thai script)
- ཤ་ཋ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒬𑒚 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨮𑨕 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Unknown.[1]
- Turner classes it with a set of "defective" words, including शण्ठ (śaṇṭha, “rogue, fool; impotent”) (only attested lexicographically), षण्ढ (ṣaṇḍha, “eunuch”), ultimately claiming a substrate origin.[2]
- Proponents of Fortunatov's law, including Burrow, claim descent from earlier *शल्थ (*śaltha), from Proto-Indo-European *skel-.[3] This would mean the word is a doublet of छल (chala, “deceit”), and a cognate of Ancient Greek σκολῐός (skolĭós, “curved, bent”) and Latin scelus (“an evil deed”). The derivation is not quite clear however; aspiration is unexplained and the initial reflects *(s)ḱel-.
Pronunciation
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɕɐ.ʈʰɐ/
Adjective
शठ • (śaṭha) stem
- false, deceitful, fraudulent, wicked, malevolent
- शठे शाठ्यं समाचरेत् ― śaṭhe śāṭhyaṃ samācaret ― Bear wickedness with the wicked
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शठः (śaṭhaḥ) | शठौ (śaṭhau) | शठाः (śaṭhāḥ) |
| accusative | शठम् (śaṭham) | शठौ (śaṭhau) | शठान् (śaṭhān) |
| instrumental | शठेन (śaṭhena) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठैः (śaṭhaiḥ) |
| dative | शठाय (śaṭhāya) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठेभ्यः (śaṭhebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शठात् (śaṭhāt) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठेभ्यः (śaṭhebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शठस्य (śaṭhasya) | शठयोः (śaṭhayoḥ) | शठानाम् (śaṭhānām) |
| locative | शठे (śaṭhe) | शठयोः (śaṭhayoḥ) | शठेषु (śaṭheṣu) |
| vocative | शठ (śaṭha) | शठौ (śaṭhau) | शठाः (śaṭhāḥ) |
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शठा (śaṭhā) | शठे (śaṭhe) | शठाः (śaṭhāḥ) |
| accusative | शठाम् (śaṭhām) | शठे (śaṭhe) | शठाः (śaṭhāḥ) |
| instrumental | शठया (śaṭhayā) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठाभिः (śaṭhābhiḥ) |
| dative | शठायै (śaṭhāyai) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठाभ्यः (śaṭhābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शठायाः (śaṭhāyāḥ) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठाभ्यः (śaṭhābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शठायाः (śaṭhāyāḥ) | शठयोः (śaṭhayoḥ) | शठानाम् (śaṭhānām) |
| locative | शठायाम् (śaṭhāyām) | शठयोः (śaṭhayoḥ) | शठासु (śaṭhāsu) |
| vocative | शठे (śaṭhe) | शठे (śaṭhe) | शठाः (śaṭhāḥ) |
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शठम् (śaṭham) | शठे (śaṭhe) | शठानि (śaṭhāni) |
| accusative | शठम् (śaṭham) | शठे (śaṭhe) | शठानि (śaṭhāni) |
| instrumental | शठेन (śaṭhena) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठैः (śaṭhaiḥ) |
| dative | शठाय (śaṭhāya) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठेभ्यः (śaṭhebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शठात् (śaṭhāt) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठेभ्यः (śaṭhebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शठस्य (śaṭhasya) | शठयोः (śaṭhayoḥ) | शठानाम् (śaṭhānām) |
| locative | शठे (śaṭhe) | शठयोः (śaṭhayoḥ) | शठेषु (śaṭheṣu) |
| vocative | शठ (śaṭha) | शठे (śaṭhe) | शठानि (śaṭhāni) |
Noun
शठ • (śaṭha) stem, m
- cheat, rogue
- a male given name
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शठः (śaṭhaḥ) | शठौ (śaṭhau) | शठाः (śaṭhāḥ) |
| accusative | शठम् (śaṭham) | शठौ (śaṭhau) | शठान् (śaṭhān) |
| instrumental | शठेन (śaṭhena) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठैः (śaṭhaiḥ) |
| dative | शठाय (śaṭhāya) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठेभ्यः (śaṭhebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शठात् (śaṭhāt) | शठाभ्याम् (śaṭhābhyām) | शठेभ्यः (śaṭhebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शठस्य (śaṭhasya) | शठयोः (śaṭhayoḥ) | शठानाम् (śaṭhānām) |
| locative | शठे (śaṭhe) | शठयोः (śaṭhayoḥ) | शठेषु (śaṭheṣu) |
| vocative | शठ (śaṭha) | शठौ (śaṭhau) | शठाः (śaṭhāḥ) |
Descendants
- Pali: saṭha
- → Malayalam: ശഠൻ (śaṭhaṉ) (learned)
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “śaṭha-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 625
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*śaṭṭa”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
- ^ Burrow, Thomas (1972) “A Reconsideration of Fortunatov's Law”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London[2], volume 35, number 3, page 541 of 531–545
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899) “शठ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1048.