ἐρωτάω
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
Etymology
Related to ἐρεείνω (ereeínō, “to ask”), ἔρομαι (éromai, “to ask”) (which it replaced in Attic), ἐρευνάω (ereunáō, “to search, inquire”), of uncertain origin.[1] The hypothetical reconstructed root, Proto-Indo-European *h₁rew- (“to search, inquire”), appears to be related to Icelandic raun (“trial, test”)[2] and Old Armenian որոնեմ (oronem, “to seek, search for”) (though there exist phonetic issues with the Armenian).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /e.rɔː.tá.ɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /e.roˈta.o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /e.roˈta.o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /e.roˈta.o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /e.roˈta.o/
Verb
ἐρωτᾰ́ω • (erōtắō)
- to ask
- to ask about a thing
- (followed by a relative word)
- 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates of Kos, Τοῦ μεγάλου Ἱπποκράτους πάντων τῶν ἰατρῶν κορυφαίου τὰ εὑρισκόμενα. Magni Hippocratis medicorum omnium facile principis, opera omnia quæ extant. 682.46
- to question
- (in dialectic argument) to elicit conclusions from the opponent by means of questioning
- (Koine) to beg, entreat, solicit
Usage notes
In the dialogues of Plato, ἠρόμην (ērómēn) typically supplies the aorist tense-forms for ἐρωτάω.[3]
Inflection
Present: ἐρωτᾰ́ω, ἐρωτᾰ́ομαι (Uncontracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐρωτᾰ́ω | ἐρωτᾰ́εις | ἐρωτᾰ́ει | ἐρωτᾰ́ετον | ἐρωτᾰ́ετον | ἐρωτᾰ́ομεν | ἐρωτᾰ́ετε | ἐρωτᾰ́ουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρωτᾰ́ω | ἐρωτᾰ́ῃς | ἐρωτᾰ́ῃ | ἐρωτᾰ́ητον | ἐρωτᾰ́ητον | ἐρωτᾰ́ωμεν | ἐρωτᾰ́ητε | ἐρωτᾰ́ωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐρωτᾰ́οιμῐ | ἐρωτᾰ́οις | ἐρωτᾰ́οι | ἐρωτᾰ́οιτον | ἐρωτᾰοίτην | ἐρωτᾰ́οιμεν | ἐρωτᾰ́οιτε | ἐρωτᾰ́οιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἐρώτᾰε | ἐρωτᾰέτω | ἐρωτᾰ́ετον | ἐρωτᾰέτων | ἐρωτᾰ́ετε | ἐρωτᾰόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐρωτᾰ́ομαι | ἐρωτᾰ́ῃ, ἐρωτᾰ́ει |
ἐρωτᾰ́εται | ἐρωτᾰ́εσθον | ἐρωτᾰ́εσθον | ἐρωτᾰόμεθᾰ | ἐρωτᾰ́εσθε | ἐρωτᾰ́ονται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρωτᾰ́ωμαι | ἐρωτᾰ́ῃ | ἐρωτᾰ́ηται | ἐρωτᾰ́ησθον | ἐρωτᾰ́ησθον | ἐρωτᾰώμεθᾰ | ἐρωτᾰ́ησθε | ἐρωτᾰ́ωνται | |||||
| optative | ἐρωτᾰοίμην | ἐρωτᾰ́οιο | ἐρωτᾰ́οιτο | ἐρωτᾰ́οισθον | ἐρωτᾰοίσθην | ἐρωτᾰοίμεθᾰ | ἐρωτᾰ́οισθε | ἐρωτᾰ́οιντο | |||||
| imperative | ἐρωτᾰ́ου | ἐρωτᾰέσθω | ἐρωτᾰ́εσθον | ἐρωτᾰέσθων | ἐρωτᾰ́εσθε | ἐρωτᾰέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐρωτᾰ́ειν | ἐρωτᾰ́εσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐρωτᾰ́ων | ἐρωτᾰόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ἐρωτᾰ́ουσᾰ | ἐρωτᾰομένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἐρωτᾰ́ον | ἐρωτᾰόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐρωτῶ | ἐρωτᾷς | ἐρωτᾷ | ἐρωτᾶτον | ἐρωτᾶτον | ἐρωτῶμεν | ἐρωτᾶτε | ἐρωτῶσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρωτῶ | ἐρωτᾷς | ἐρωτᾷ | ἐρωτᾶτον | ἐρωτᾶτον | ἐρωτῶμεν | ἐρωτᾶτε | ἐρωτῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐρωτῴην, ἐρωτῷμῐ |
ἐρωτῴης, ἐρωτῷς |
ἐρωτῴη, ἐρωτῷ |
ἐρωτῷτον, ἐρωτῴητον |
ἐρωτῴτην, ἐρωτῳήτην |
ἐρωτῷμεν, ἐρωτῴημεν |
ἐρωτῷτε, ἐρωτῴητε |
ἐρωτῷεν, ἐρωτῴησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ἐρώτᾱ | ἐρωτᾱ́τω | ἐρωτᾶτον | ἐρωτᾱ́των | ἐρωτᾶτε | ἐρωτώντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐρωτῶμαι | ἐρωτᾷ | ἐρωτᾶται | ἐρωτᾶσθον | ἐρωτᾶσθον | ἐρωτώμεθᾰ | ἐρωτᾶσθε | ἐρωτῶνται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρωτῶμαι | ἐρωτᾷ | ἐρωτᾶται | ἐρωτᾶσθον | ἐρωτᾶσθον | ἐρωτώμεθᾰ | ἐρωτᾶσθε | ἐρωτῶνται | |||||
| optative | ἐρωτῴμην | ἐρωτῷο | ἐρωτῷτο | ἐρωτῷσθον | ἐρωτῴσθην | ἐρωτῴμεθᾰ | ἐρωτῷσθε | ἐρωτῷντο | |||||
| imperative | ἐρωτῶ | ἐρωτᾱ́σθω | ἐρωτᾶσθον | ἐρωτᾱ́σθων | ἐρωτᾶσθε | ἐρωτᾱ́σθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐρωτᾶν | ἐρωτᾶσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐρωτῶν | ἐρωτώμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ἐρωτῶσᾰ | ἐρωτωμένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἐρωτῶν | ἐρωτώμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Imperfect: ἠρώτᾰον, ἠρωτᾰόμην (Uncontracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἠρώτᾰον | ἠρώτᾰες | ἠρώτᾰε(ν) | ἠρωτᾰ́ετον | ἠρωτᾰέτην | ἠρωτᾰ́ομεν | ἠρωτᾰ́ετε | ἠρώτᾰον | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἠρωτᾰόμην | ἠρωτᾰ́ου | ἠρωτᾰ́ετο | ἠρωτᾰ́εσθον | ἠρωτᾰέσθην | ἠρωτᾰόμεθᾰ | ἠρωτᾰ́εσθε | ἠρωτᾰ́οντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Imperfect: ἠρώτων, ἠρωτώμην (Contracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἠρώτων | ἠρώτᾱς | ἠρώτᾱ | ἠρωτᾶτον | ἠρωτᾱ́την | ἠρωτῶμεν | ἠρωτᾶτε | ἠρώτων | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἠρωτώμην | ἠρωτῶ | ἠρωτᾶτο | ἠρωτᾶσθον | ἠρωτᾱ́σθην | ἠρωτώμεθᾰ | ἠρωτᾶσθε | ἠρωτῶντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Future: ἐρωτήσω, ἐρωτήσομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἐρωτήσω | ἐρωτήσεις | ἐρωτήσει | ἐρωτήσετον | ἐρωτήσετον | ἐρωτήσομεν | ἐρωτήσετε | ἐρωτήσουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | ἐρωτήσοιμῐ | ἐρωτήσοις | ἐρωτήσοι | ἐρωτήσοιτον | ἐρωτησοίτην | ἐρωτήσοιμεν | ἐρωτήσοιτε | ἐρωτήσοιεν | |||||
| middle | indicative | ἐρωτήσομαι | ἐρωτήσῃ, ἐρωτήσει |
ἐρωτήσεται | ἐρωτήσεσθον | ἐρωτήσεσθον | ἐρωτησόμεθᾰ | ἐρωτήσεσθε | ἐρωτήσονται | ||||
| optative | ἐρωτησοίμην | ἐρωτήσοιο | ἐρωτήσοιτο | ἐρωτήσοισθον | ἐρωτησοίσθην | ἐρωτησοίμεθᾰ | ἐρωτήσοισθε | ἐρωτήσοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐρωτήσειν | ἐρωτήσεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐρωτήσων | ἐρωτησόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ἐρωτήσουσᾰ | ἐρωτησομένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἐρωτῆσον | ἐρωτησόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἠρώτησᾰ | ἠρώτησᾰς | ἠρώτησε(ν) | ἠρωτήσᾰτον | ἠρωτησᾰ́την | ἠρωτήσᾰμεν | ἠρωτήσᾰτε | ἠρώτησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρωτήσω | ἐρωτήσῃς | ἐρωτήσῃ | ἐρωτήσητον | ἐρωτήσητον | ἐρωτήσωμεν | ἐρωτήσητε | ἐρωτήσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐρωτήσαιμῐ | ἐρωτήσειᾰς, ἐρωτήσαις |
ἐρωτήσειε(ν), ἐρωτήσαι |
ἐρωτήσαιτον | ἐρωτησαίτην | ἐρωτήσαιμεν | ἐρωτήσαιτε | ἐρωτήσειᾰν, ἐρωτήσαιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἐρώτησον | ἐρωτησᾰ́τω | ἐρωτήσᾰτον | ἐρωτησᾰ́των | ἐρωτήσᾰτε | ἐρωτησᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ἠρωτησᾰ́μην | ἠρωτήσω | ἠρωτήσᾰτο | ἠρωτήσᾰσθον | ἠρωτησᾰ́σθην | ἠρωτησᾰ́μεθᾰ | ἠρωτήσᾰσθε | ἠρωτήσᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρωτήσωμαι | ἐρωτήσῃ | ἐρωτήσηται | ἐρωτήσησθον | ἐρωτήσησθον | ἐρωτησώμεθᾰ | ἐρωτήσησθε | ἐρωτήσωνται | |||||
| optative | ἐρωτησαίμην | ἐρωτήσαιο | ἐρωτήσαιτο | ἐρωτήσαισθον | ἐρωτησαίσθην | ἐρωτησαίμεθᾰ | ἐρωτήσαισθε | ἐρωτήσαιντο | |||||
| imperative | ἐρώτησαι | ἐρωτησᾰ́σθω | ἐρωτήσᾰσθον | ἐρωτησᾰ́σθων | ἐρωτήσᾰσθε | ἐρωτησᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| passive | indicative | ἠρωτήθην | ἠρωτήθης | ἠρωτήθη | ἠρωτήθητον | ἠρωτηθήτην | ἠρωτήθημεν | ἠρωτήθητε | ἠρωτήθησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐρωτηθῶ | ἐρωτηθῇς | ἐρωτηθῇ | ἐρωτηθῆτον | ἐρωτηθῆτον | ἐρωτηθῶμεν | ἐρωτηθῆτε | ἐρωτηθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐρωτηθείην | ἐρωτηθείης | ἐρωτηθείη | ἐρωτηθεῖτον, ἐρωτηθείητον |
ἐρωτηθείτην, ἐρωτηθειήτην |
ἐρωτηθεῖμεν, ἐρωτηθείημεν |
ἐρωτηθεῖτε, ἐρωτηθείητε |
ἐρωτηθεῖεν, ἐρωτηθείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ἐρωτήθητῐ | ἐρωτηθήτω | ἐρωτήθητον | ἐρωτηθήτων | ἐρωτήθητε | ἐρωτηθέντων | |||||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐρωτῆσαι | ἐρωτήσᾰσθαι | ἐρωτηθῆναι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐρωτήσᾱς | ἐρωτησᾰ́μενος | ἐρωτηθείς | |||||||||
| f | ἐρωτήσᾱσᾰ | ἐρωτησᾰμένη | ἐρωτηθεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||
| n | ἐρωτῆσᾰν | ἐρωτησᾰ́μενον | ἐρωτηθέν | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Perfect: ἠρώτηκᾰ, ἠρώτημαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἠρώτηκᾰ | ἠρώτηκᾰς | ἠρώτηκε(ν) | ἠρωτήκᾰτον | ἠρωτήκᾰτον | ἠρωτήκᾰμεν | ἠρωτήκᾰτε | ἠρωτήκᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ἠρωτήκω | ἠρωτήκῃς | ἠρωτήκῃ | ἠρωτήκητον | ἠρωτήκητον | ἠρωτήκωμεν | ἠρωτήκητε | ἠρωτήκωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἠρωτήκοιμῐ, ἠρωτηκοίην |
ἠρωτήκοις, ἠρωτηκοίης |
ἠρωτήκοι, ἠρωτηκοίη |
ἠρωτήκοιτον | ἠρωτηκοίτην | ἠρωτήκοιμεν | ἠρωτήκοιτε | ἠρωτήκοιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἠρώτηκε | ἠρωτηκέτω | ἠρωτήκετον | ἠρωτηκέτων | ἠρωτήκετε | ἠρωτηκόντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἠρώτημαι | ἠρώτησαι | ἠρώτηται | ἠρώτησθον | ἠρώτησθον | ἠρωτήμεθᾰ | ἠρώτησθε | ἠρώτηνται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἠρωτημένος ὦ | ἠρωτημένος ᾖς | ἠρωτημένος ᾖ | ἠρωτημένω ἦτον | ἠρωτημένω ἦτον | ἠρωτημένοι ὦμεν | ἠρωτημένοι ἦτε | ἠρωτημένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἠρωτημένος εἴην | ἠρωτημένος εἴης | ἠρωτημένος εἴη | ἠρωτημένω εἴητον/εἶτον | ἠρωτημένω εἰήτην/εἴτην | ἠρωτημένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν | ἠρωτημένοι εἴητε/εἶτε | ἠρωτημένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν | |||||
| imperative | ἠρώτησο | ἠρωτήσθω | ἠρώτησθον | ἠρωτήσθων | ἠρώτησθε | ἠρωτήσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἠρωτηκέναι | ἠρωτῆσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἠρωτηκώς | ἠρωτημένος | ||||||||||
| f | ἠρωτηκυῖᾰ | ἠρωτημένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἠρωτηκός | ἠρωτημένον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Pluperfect: ἠρωτήκειν, ἠρωτήμην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἠρωτήκειν, ἠρωτήκη |
ἠρωτήκεις, ἠρωτήκης |
ἠρωτήκει(ν) | ἠρωτήκετον | ἠρωτηκέτην | ἠρωτήκεμεν | ἠρωτήκετε | ἠρωτήκεσᾰν | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἠρωτήμην | ἠρώτησο | ἠρώτητο | ἠρώτησθον | ἠρωτήσθην | ἠρωτήμεθᾰ | ἠρώτησθε | ἠρώτηντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
- The future and aorist forms of ἔρομαι (éromai) often supply those tenses of this verb.
Derived terms
- ἐρώτημα (erṓtēma, “question”)
Descendants
References
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐρωτάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐρευνάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 455-6
- ^ pp. 44-47, section 16.2. Albert Rijksbaron. The Syntax and Semantics of the Verb in Classical Greek. University of Chicago Press, 2006.
Further reading
- “ἐρωτάω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἐρωτάω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ἐρωτάω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἐρωτάω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- G2065 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- ἐρωτάω in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften