ὄρθρος

Ancient Greek

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰ-ro-, from *h₃erdʰ- (“to rise”). Cognate with ὀρθός (orthós), Latin ortus (“star's rise”), oriens (“sunrise”).^[1]

ὄρθρος • (órthros) m (genitive ὄρθρου); second declension

The time immediately before or around sunrise: dawn, early morning twilight
ὄρθρος βαθύς ― órthros bathús ― dim morning twilight
- 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Crito 43a:
  ΣΩ. τί τηνικάδε ἀφῖξαι, ὦ Κρίτων; ἢ οὐ πρῲ ἔτι ἐστίν;
  ΚΡ. πάνυ μὲν οὖν.
  ΣΩ. πηνίκα μάλιστα;
  ΚΡ. ὄρθρος βαθύς.
  SŌ. tí tēnikáde aphîxai, ô Krítōn? ḕ ou prōì éti estín?
  KR. pánu mèn oûn.
  SŌ. pēníka málista?
  KR. órthros bathús.
  Socrates: Why have you come at this time, Crito? Or isn't it still early?
  Crito: Yes, very much so.
  Socrates: About what time?
  Crito: Dim morning twilight.
The Greek name of the morning service in the Eastern Orthodox Church, often called by its Latin name, Matins, by Orthodox clergy within Western cultures.

Second declension of ὁ ὄρθρος; τοῦ ὄρθρου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ὄρθρος ho órthros	τὼ ὄρθρω tṑ órthrō	οἱ ὄρθροι hoi órthroi
Genitive	τοῦ ὄρθρου toû órthrou	τοῖν ὄρθροιν toîn órthroin	τῶν ὄρθρων tôn órthrōn
Dative	τῷ ὄρθρῳ tōî órthrōi	τοῖν ὄρθροιν toîn órthroin	τοῖς ὄρθροις toîs órthrois
Accusative	τὸν ὄρθρον tòn órthron	τὼ ὄρθρω tṑ órthrō	τοὺς ὄρθρους toùs órthrous
Vocative	ὄρθρε órthre	ὄρθρω órthrō	ὄρθροι órthroi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὄρθρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1101-1102

“ὄρθρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ὄρθρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
G3722 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- dawn idem, page 197.
- dusk idem, page 256.
- morning idem, page 541.
- twilight idem, page 903.
ὄρθρος, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011