ὕστερος

See also: ύστερος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

The comparative form of an unattested adjective, with the superlative of ὕστᾰτος (hústătos), from Proto-Indo-European *údteros (“higher, outer”) from *úd (“upwards, away”), which would make it cognate with English out, Sanskrit उत्तर (úttara, “upper, higher”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hýs.te.ros/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)ys.te.ros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈys.te.ros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈys.te.ros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈis.te.ros/

Adjective

ῠ̔́στερος • (hŭ́steros) m (feminine ῠ̔στέρᾱ, neuter ῠ̔́στερον); first/second declension

latter
1. (of place) latter, coming after, behind
  - 428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1243
  - 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 1040
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 734
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.3.21
  - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Choreutes 14
  - 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 11.5
  - 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 503C
  - 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Lysis 206E
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.103
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 251
2. (of time) next
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.17
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.479
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 7.2.10
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.103
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.130
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 702
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 865A
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1666
  - 3rd century CE, Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers 7.10
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.333
  - 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 859
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 87C
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.166
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.32
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.54
  1. later, too late
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.320
    - 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 691
    - 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 69
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.90
    - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 222
    - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 92
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 1312A.4
  2. (with genitive of object) too late for
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.120
    - 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 690
    - 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 1174
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 698E
  3. (substantive) posterity
    - 423 BCE, Euripides, The Suppliants 1225
    - 415 BCE, Euripides, The Trojan Women 13
    - 415 BCE, Euripides, The Trojan Women 1245
3. (of inferiority)
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.215
  - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 181
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.91
  - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 746
  - 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 23
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 896C
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.41
4. (adverbial, the neuter ὕστερον is more often used than the standard ὑστέρως)
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.3.42
  1. (of time) later, afterwards
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.91
    - 396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Collected Works 61
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 16.319
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.27
    - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 858
    - 408 BCE – 334 BCE, Antiphanes Comicus, Collected Works 270
    - 408 BCE – 334 BCE, Antiphanes Comicus, Collected Works 53.4
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.171
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.8
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.64
    - 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Simon 39
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.3.52
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.1.1
    - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 327C
    - 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 471C
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.49
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 58A
    - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 415D
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Charmides 165A
    1. (with genitive)
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.113
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.83
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.18
      - 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 57
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.140
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.91
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.3
      - 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Aegineticus 22
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.60
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.4
  2. (with prepositions)
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 12.126
    - 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 351
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.41
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.74
    - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1194
    - 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 720
    - 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 82B
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.13
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.27
    - 36 BCE – 30 BCE, Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library 14.109
    - 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 4.73
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.108
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.106
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.85

Inflection

First and second declension of ῠ̔́στερος; ῠ̔στέρᾱ; ῠ̔́στερον (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ῠ̔́στερος hŭ́steros	ῠ̔στέρᾱ hŭstérā	ῠ̔́στερον hŭ́steron	ῠ̔στέρω hŭstérō	ῠ̔στέρᾱ hŭstérā	ῠ̔στέρω hŭstérō	ῠ̔́στεροι hŭ́steroi	ῠ̔́στεραι hŭ́sterai	ῠ̔́στερᾰ hŭ́steră
Genitive	ῠ̔στέρου hŭstérou	ῠ̔στέρᾱς hŭstérās	ῠ̔στέρου hŭstérou	ῠ̔στέροιν hŭstéroin	ῠ̔στέραιν hŭstérain	ῠ̔στέροιν hŭstéroin	ῠ̔στέρων hŭstérōn	ῠ̔στέρων hŭstérōn	ῠ̔στέρων hŭstérōn
Dative	ῠ̔στέρῳ hŭstérōi	ῠ̔στέρᾳ hŭstérāi	ῠ̔στέρῳ hŭstérōi	ῠ̔στέροιν hŭstéroin	ῠ̔στέραιν hŭstérain	ῠ̔στέροιν hŭstéroin	ῠ̔στέροις hŭstérois	ῠ̔στέραις hŭstérais	ῠ̔στέροις hŭstérois
Accusative	ῠ̔́στερον hŭ́steron	ῠ̔στέρᾱν hŭstérān	ῠ̔́στερον hŭ́steron	ῠ̔στέρω hŭstérō	ῠ̔στέρᾱ hŭstérā	ῠ̔στέρω hŭstérō	ῠ̔στέρους hŭstérous	ῠ̔στέρᾱς hŭstérās	ῠ̔́στερᾰ hŭ́steră
Vocative	ῠ̔́στερε hŭ́stere	ῠ̔στέρᾱ hŭstérā	ῠ̔́στερον hŭ́steron	ῠ̔στέρω hŭstérō	ῠ̔στέρᾱ hŭstérā	ῠ̔στέρω hŭstérō	ῠ̔́στεροι hŭ́steroi	ῠ̔́στεραι hŭ́sterai	ῠ̔́στερᾰ hŭ́steră
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ῠ̔στέρως / ῠ̔́στερον hŭstérōs / hŭ́steron			—			ὕστᾰτος hústătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Related terms

ῠ̔στερέω (hŭsteréō)
ὑστέρα (hustéra)

Descendants

Greek: ύστερος (ýsteros), polytonic spelling: ὕστερος

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὕστερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1539