Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/údteros

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From the adverb *úd (“out, outward”) +‎ *-teros (contrastive suffix).

Adjective

*údteros (non-ablauting)^[1]^[2]^[3]

higher, outer

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*údteros	*údtereh₂
genitive	*údterosyo	*údtereh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*údteros	*údteroh₁	*údteroes
vocative	*údtere	*údteroh₁	*údteroes
accusative	*údterom	*údteroh₁	*údteroms
genitive	*údterosyo	*?	*údteroHom
ablative	*údteread	*?	údteromos, údterobʰos
dative	*údteroey	*?	údteromos, údterobʰos
locative	údterey, údteroy	*?	*údteroysu
instrumental	*údteroh₁	*?	*údterōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*údtereh₂	*údtereh₂h₁(e)	*údtereh₂es
vocative	*údtereh₂	*údtereh₂h₁(e)	*údtereh₂es
accusative	*údterām	*údtereh₂h₁(e)	*údtereh₂m̥s
genitive	*údtereh₂s	*?	*údtereh₂oHom
ablative	*údtereh₂s	*?	údtereh₂mos, údtereh₂bʰos
dative	*údtereh₂ey	*?	údtereh₂mos, údtereh₂bʰos
locative	údtereh₂, údtereh₂i	*?	*údtereh₂su
instrumental	*údtereh₂h₁	*?	údtereh₂mis, údtereh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*údterom	*údteroy(h₁)	*údtereh₂
vocative	*údterom	*údteroy(h₁)	*údtereh₂
accusative	*údterom	*údteroy(h₁)	*údtereh₂
genitive	*údterosyo	*?	*údteroHom
ablative	*údteread	*?	údteromos, údterobʰos
dative	*údteroey	*?	údteromos, údterobʰos
locative	údterey, údteroy	*?	*údteroysu
instrumental	*údteroh₁	*?	*údterōys

Descendants

Proto-Hellenic: *ústeros
- Ancient Greek: ὕστερος (hústeros, “ulterior, posterior”)
  - Greek: ύστερος (ýsteros, “later; last”)
- Byzantine Greek: υστερινός (usterinós), υστερνός (usternós, “last”)
  - Greek: στερνός (sternós, “last”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *útˢtaras
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úttaras
  - Sanskrit: उत्तर (úttara, “upper, better, later, northern; answer”)
- Proto-Iranian: *úctarah
  - Pashto: استرۍ (ustərai, “last, lastest”)
  - Sogdian: 𐼀𐼑𐼚𐼘𐼁 ('str' /⁠əstara⁠/, “later”)

Derived terms

*udtér-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *ustérā
  - Ancient Greek: ὑστέρᾱ (hustérā, “womb, uterus”)
    Ionic Greek: ὑστέρη (hustérē)
*udtr-ó-s^[4]
- Proto-Hellenic: *ustros
  - Ancient Greek: ὕστρος (hústros, “stomach”)
*udtr̥-yó-s^[5]
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: wästarye (“liver”)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ū̆d”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1103-1104: “ud-tero-s”
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*udˢtero-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 517
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 827: “*úd-tero- [útstero-]”
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ύστέρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1539: “*ud-tro-”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “wästarye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN: “*udˢtr̥yo-”

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ū̆d”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1103-1104: “ud-tero-s”

[2] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*udˢtero-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 517

[3] Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 827: “*úd-tero- [útstero-]”

[Beekes_ύστέρα-4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ύστέρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1539: “*ud-tro-”

[Adams2013-5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “wästarye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN: “*udˢtr̥yo-”

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