心得
Chinese
| heart; mind | get; obtain; gain get; obtain; gain; proper; suitable; proud; contented; allow; permit; ready; finished; a sentence particle used after a verb to show effect; degree or possibility; to have to; must; ought to; to need to | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (心得) |
心 | 得 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): sam1 dak1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sîm-tet
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sim-tek / sim-tiak
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: xīndé
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ ㄉㄜˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sindé
- Wade–Giles: hsin1-tê2
- Yale: syīn-dé
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinder
- Palladius: синьдэ (sinʹdɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕin⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: sam1 dak1
- Yale: sām dāk
- Cantonese Pinyin: sam1 dak7
- Guangdong Romanization: sem1 deg1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɐm⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sîm-tet
- Hakka Romanization System: ximˊ dedˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: xim1 ded5
- Sinological IPA: /sim²⁴ tet̚²/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-tek
- Tâi-lô: sim-tik
- Phofsit Daibuun: simdeg
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sim⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sim⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-tiak
- Tâi-lô: sim-tiak
- Phofsit Daibuun: simdiag
- IPA (Quanzhou): /sim³³ tiak̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
Noun
心得
Synonyms
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 心 | 得 |
| こころ Grade: 2 |
え Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi | |
連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 心得る (kokoroeru, “to know, understand”), from classical verb 心得 (kokorou, see below).
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) こころえ [kòkóróꜜè] (Nakadaka – [3])[1][2][3]
- (Tokyo) こころえ [kòkóróéꜜ] (Odaka – [4])[1][2][3]
- (Tokyo) こころえ [kòkóróé] (Heiban – [0])[3]
- IPA(key): [ko̞ko̞ɾo̞e̞]
Noun
心得 • (kokoroe)
- knowledge of, knowing something of, experience in
- 音楽の心得がある
- ongaku no kokoroe ga aru
- I have experience in music
- 音楽の心得がある
- regulations, instructions
- 登山の心得
- tozan no kokoroe
- instructions for mountain climbing
- 登山の心得
Derived terms
- 不心得 (fukokoroe, “indiscretion; imprudence”)
- 不心得を戒める (fukokoroe o imashimeru, “to caution a person against misconduct”)
- 不心得者 (fukokoroemono, “imprudent (misguided) fellow”)
- 執務心得 (shitsumu kokoroe, “guide to office routine; guide to the performance of official duties”)
- 心得違い (kokoroe chigai, “imprudence; misbehavior; misbehaviour; misunderstanding”)
- 心得難い (kokoroe gatai, “hard to understand or accept”)
- 心得顔 (kokoroegao, “knowing look”)
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 心 | 得 |
| こころ Grade: 2 |
ゆ Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi | |
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 心 | 得 |
| こころ Grade: 2 |
う Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi | |
心 (kokoro, “heart”) + 得 (u, Classical Japanese form of 得る (eru, “to get”))
Verb
心得 or 心得 • (kokorou or kokoroyu) †nidan
- Classical Japanese form of 心得る (kokoroeru)
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "心得" (ア行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 心得 | こころえ | kokoroe |
| Continuative (連用形) | 心得 | こころえ | kokoroe |
| Terminal (終止形) | 心得 | こころう | kokorou |
| Attributive (連体形) | 心得る | こころうる | kokorouru |
| Realis (已然形) | 心得れ | こころうれ | kokoroure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 心得よ | こころえよ | kokoroeyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 心得ず | こころえず | kokoroezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 心得れど | こころうれど | kokorouredo |
| Causal conjunction | 心得れば | こころうれば | kokoroureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 心得ば | こころえば | kokoroeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 心得き | こころえき | kokoroeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 心得けり | こころえけり | kokoroekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 心得つ | こころえつ | kokoroetu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 心得ぬ | こころえぬ | kokoroenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 心得たり | こころえたり | kokoroetari |
| Volitional | 心得む | こころえむ | kokoroemu |
Classical conjugation of "心得" (ヤ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 心得 | こころえ | kokoroe |
| Continuative (連用形) | 心得 | こころえ | kokoroe |
| Terminal (終止形) | 心得 | こころゆ | kokoroyu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 心得る | こころゆる | kokoroyuru |
| Realis (已然形) | 心得れ | こころゆれ | kokoroyure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 心得よ | こころえよ | kokoroeyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 心得ず | こころえず | kokoroezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 心得れど | こころゆれど | kokoroyuredo |
| Causal conjunction | 心得れば | こころゆれば | kokoroyureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 心得ば | こころえば | kokoroeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 心得き | こころえき | kokoroeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 心得けり | こころえけり | kokoroekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 心得つ | こころえつ | kokoroetu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 心得ぬ | こころえぬ | kokoroenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 心得たり | こころえたり | kokoroetari |
| Volitional | 心得む | こころえむ | kokoroemu |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.