愕然

Chinese

		startled	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (愕然)		愕	然
simp. ^#(愕然)		愕	然

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): èrán

(Zhuyin): ㄜˋ ㄖㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngok⁶ jin⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: èrán
  - Zhuyin: ㄜˋ ㄖㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: èrán
  - Wade–Giles: o⁴-jan²
  - Yale: è-rán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ehran
  - Palladius: эжань (ežanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngok⁶ jin⁴
  - Yale: ngohk yìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngok⁹ jin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngog⁶ yin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɔːk̚² jiːn²¹/

Middle Chinese: ngak nyen

Rime
Character	愕	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	鐸 (103)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	五各切	如延切
Baxter	ngak	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɑk̚/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɑk̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋɑk̚/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋak̚/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/ŋɑk̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/ŋɑk̚/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋɑk̚/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	è	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngok⁶	jin⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-qʰˤak [n]a[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋaːɡ njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	愕	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	è	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ ngak ›	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*N-qʰˁak/	/*[n]a[n]/
English	scared	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愕	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9466	10756
Phonetic component	屰	肰
Rime group	鐸	元
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	咢	然
Old Chinese	/*ŋaːɡ/	/*njen/

Adjective

愕然

(literary) stunned; astounded

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (愕然):

→ Japanese: 愕然(がくぜん) (gakuzen)
→ Vietnamese: ngạc nhiên (愕然)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
愕	然
がく Hyōgai	ぜん Grade: 4
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
がく然

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) がくぜん [gàkúzéń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ɡa̠kɯ̟zẽ̞ɴ]

Adjective

愕(がく)然(ぜん) • (gakuzen) ^†-tari (adnominal 愕(がく)然(ぜん)とした (gakuzen to shita) or 愕(がく)然(ぜん)たる (gakuzen taru), adverbial 愕(がく)然(ぜん)と (gakuzen to) or 愕(がく)然(ぜん)として (gakuzen to shite))

amazed, astounded, astonished

Adverb

愕(がく)然(ぜん) • (gakuzen)

astoundedly, amazedly, astonishedly

Usage notes

Used with と.

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
愕	然

Verb

愕然

chữ Hán form of ngạc nhiên (“to be surprised; to be astonished”)

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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